Resumo: A apicultura é uma das poucas atividades agropecuárias que atende aos três requisitos da sustentabilidade: o econômico, o social e o ecológico. Sendo assim, fornece renda para o apicultor, ocupa mão de obra familiar ou contratada e contribui para a preservação da flora nativa. A sanidade pode afetar o desenvolvimento da apicultura, pois a Apis mellifera como qualquer outro organismo vivo, é susceptível a doenças causadas por bactérias, vírus, fungos e outros parasitas e as desordens metabólicas, nutricionais e hormonais, além de intoxicações diversas. Assim, em virtude da necessidade de estudos a respeito da sanidade apícola, objetiva-se estudar o comportamento higiênico em colônias de abelhas Apis mellifera em apiários localizados no Sertão do Estado da Paraíba. A pesquisa foi realizada no período de março, abril e maio de 2014, em cinco apiários localizados nos municípios de Condado, Pombal, Jericó, São Bentinho e São Domingos, ambos situados na Mesorregião do Sertão do Estado da Paraíba, com um total de 25 colmeias avaliadas. O teste de comportamento higiênico foi realizado com base no método de perfuração das células de crias. O percentual de comportamento higiênico foi semelhante em ambos os apiários, principalmente em Condado (93,96%), Pombal (94,30%), Jericó (87,63%) e São Domingos (95,20%), ocorrendo apenas uma ligeira diferença no apiário de São Bentinho com uma média de 76,31%. O apiário localizado no município de Pombal obteve o melhor resultado, apresentando índice elevado de comportamento higiênico. Palavras-chave:Higiene, Abelhas, Apicultura, Comportamento. Abstract:Beekeeping is one of the few agricultural activities that meets the three requirements of sustainability: economic, social and ecological. Therefore, provides income for the beekeeper, occupies family labor or hired and contributes to the preservation of native flora. Sanity may affect the development of beekeeping because Apis mellifera like any other living organism is susceptible to diseases caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi and other parasites and metabolic, nutritional and hormonal disorders, and several poisoning. Thus, because of the need for studies concerning the apiculture health, this study focuses on hygienic behavior in Apis mellifera honeybee colonies in apiaries located in the backlands of the state of Paraíba. The survey was conducted from March, April and May 2014, in five apiaries located in the cities of Condado, Pombal, Jericó, São Bentinho and São Domingos, both located in the Greater Region of the Backlands of the State of Paraíba, with a total of 25 evaluated hives. The hygienic behavior test was conducted based on the method of drilling the brood. The hygienic behavior percentage was similar in both apiaries, especially in Condado (93.96%), Pombal (94.30%), Jericó (87.63%) and São Domingos (95.20%), there was one slight difference in the apiary of São Bentinho with an average of 76.31%. Apiary located in the city of Pombal obtained the best result, with high level of hygienic behavior.
<span class="fontstyle0">Leucena (Leucaena leucocephala) is an alternative used for animal feeding in the Northeastern of Brazil due to its resistance to drought and its high nutritional value. They are forest species whose seeds are affected by fungi that cause abnormalities and damage to seedlings, seed deterioration. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of essential oils in reducing the incidence of fungi associated with L. leucocephala seeds and their interference with physiological quality. The treatments were the following: essential oils of Cymbopogon nardus, Boswellia carteri, Eucalyptus globulus, Helianthus annuus, Vitis vinifera seeds, Eugenia caryophyllata, Melaleuca alternifolia and Rosmarinus officinalis in a concentration of 1 mL · L</span><span class="fontstyle0">-1 </span><span class="fontstyle0">and fungicide, using 100 seeds per treatment.In order to overcome dormancy scarification with sandpaper Nº 100 in the opposite region to the micropile. The sanitary quality of the seeds was made with the incubation method in Petri dishes containing double layer of filter paper moistened with ADE. Seed physiological quality was determined based on seed germination, emergence and vigor tests. The experimental design was completely randomized with ten treatments. Eucalyptus, clove and Melaleuca alternifolia essential oils reduced the incidence percentage of fungi associated with leucena seeds. Melaleuca alternifolia essential oil reduced the physiological quality of leucena seeds.</span> <br /><br />
<p>Espécies florestais nativas são muito importantes para o equilíbrio ambiental e garantir a sua preservação é essencial para as próximas gerações. Esse trabalho objetivou avaliar a eficiência de óleos essenciais na redução da incidência de fungos e na qualidade fisiológica de sementes de craibeira, ipê-rosa e jurema branca. Os tratamentos utilizados foram: sementes não tratadas, fungicida e os óleos essenciais de citronela, olíbano, eucalipto, girassol, sementes de uva, cravo, <em>Melaleuca</em> e alecrim, na concentração de 1 mL. L<sup>-1</sup>. Avaliou-se o percentual de incidência de fungos; percentual de germinação e de emergência; índice de velocidade de germinação e de emergência; plântulas normais, anormais, comprimentos da parte aérea, da raiz e da plântula; matéria seca da parte aérea e da raiz. Os óleos essenciais de cravo e olibano reduziram os percentuais de incidência de <em>Aspergillus</em> sp. e<em> Rhizopus</em> sp., respectivamente, em sementes de craibeira, ipê-rosa e jurema branca. O óleo essencial de citronela diminuiu o percentual de<em> Penicillium</em> sp. e de <em>Cladosporium</em> sp. nas sementes de ipê-rosa e jurema branca. Todos os óleos essenciais melhoraram qualidade fisiológica das sementes de jurema branca. Os óleos essenciais de sementes de uva e de melaleuca reduziram a qualidade fisiológica das sementes de craibeira.</p>
The objectives of this review article were to examine the dynamics of Varroa destructor infestation levels in Africanized honey bees (AHB) in Brazil, since this parasitic mite was first detected in 1977. Data from published research articles, conference proceedings, congress abstracts, and unpublished data obtained from academic researchers was included. Although mite infestations varied significantly along the years, there were no indications that varroa negatively impacted Brazilian apiculture. The mean infestation levels have remained around 4.5 mites per 100 adult bees, with a median of 3.8, during the last 45 years. Adult bee and worker brood infestation rates were found to be similar, though with some geographical variation, including a tendency for higher infestations in the southern regions of the country. Various researchers have suggested that the low infestation levels could be a consequence of the tropical and subtropical climate, honey bee hybridization, grooming and hygienic behaviors, honey bee and mite genetic factors, low nutritional stress, management practices, low migratory stress, and environmental conditions. The lack of a need for chemical treatment of varroa infestations facilitates apiary management and favors organic beekeeping throughout the country. However, though AHB colonies and beekeeping in Brazil thrive without the need for treatment measures, more research should be conducted to better assess the impact that the low varroa mite infestations have on AHB colony health and productivity.
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