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Very similar morphologies have always been pointed out for subsections Natrix and Viscosae of the genus Ononis L. Morphological, environmental and biogeographic approaches do not show significant differences between taxa of both subsections, and only life form was pointed out as biological descriptor to explain taxonomic and ecological strategies for these taxa: Natrix is composed by perennial life forms, while Viscosae is solely represented by annual life forms. The discussion of results was conducted through the insurance hypothesis, according to which resilient or resistant behaviours, here represented by taxonomic diversity and morpho-environmental variability, described the ecological strategies for these taxa. In this way, wider morpho-environmental variability induced more responses (higher taxonomic diversity and life forms), i.e. more resilience. On contrary, the narrower morpho-environmental variability induced less taxonomic diversity and only perennial life forms, i.e. more resistance. Two future climate change scenarios were also used to confirm these resilience and resistance strategies for both subsections.

Zootherapeutic practices in ethnoveterinary medicine are important in many socio-cultural environments around the world, particularly in developing countries, and they have recently started to be inventoried and studied in Europe. In light of this, the purpose of this review is to describe the local knowledge and folk remedies based on the use of invertebrates and their derivative products in contemporary Spanish ethnoveterinary medicine. An overview in the fields of ethnozoology, ethnoveterinary medicine and folklore was made. Automated searches in the most important databases were performed. All related works were examined thoroughly and use-reports were obtained from 53 documentary sources. The traditional use of 18 invertebrate species and five ethnotaxa and a total of 86 empirical remedies based on the use of a single species was recorded. The two most relevant zoological groups were found to be insects and molluscs. A broad diversity of body parts or derivative products have been and are used to treat or prevent ca. 50 animal diseases or conditions, in particular diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissue, different infectious livestock diseases, and disorders of the eye and adnexa. Cattle, sheep and equines form the group of domestic animals in which the greatest number of remedies are mentioned. In addition, seven magical remedies and practices are documented. In comparison with other culturally related areas, this is a rich heritage. The use-reports included here will help in the search for new and low-cost drugs for treating livestock and alternative materials for pharmaceutical purposes, future research addressing the validation of the effects and the development of organic farming.

Hierbas perennes, bulbosas, glabras -raramente pelosas en especies extraibéri-cas-. Bulbo de ovoide a globoso, en general tunicado, con túnicas externas membranáceas, libres, que se renuevan progresivamente cada año, o más raramente escamoso. Tallo escaposo, simple, 1-4(5) por bulbo, de sección circular, macizo o parcialmente hueco. Hojas todas basales, de estrechamente lineares a oblongas, nervadura principal paralelinervia, sésiles, envainadoras. Inflorescencia en racimo o corimbiforme; brácteas 1 por pedicelo, membranáceas, de blancas a pardo-violetas, persistentes o caedizas, manifiestas y de lineares a lanceolado-subuladas, o bien escuamiformes y de ovales a triangulares, o bien sin brácteas; pedicelos no articulados, sin bractéolas. Flores hermafroditas, trímeras, actinomorfas. Perianto de estrellado a campanulado, formado por 6 tépalos de libres o levemente connados en la base, subiguales, lanceolados o elípticos, azulados, violetas, rosados, de color lila, ± purpúreos o raramente blanquecinos, caedizos, a veces tarde. Androceo con 6 estambres, insertos en la base de los tépalos, subiguales; filamentos de estrechamente lanceolados a ovado-lanceolados, enteros, glabros; anteras oblongas u ovales, dorsifijas, introrsas, con dehiscencia longitudinal. Gineceo con 3 carpelos soldados en ovario súpero, sésil o muy cortamente estipitado, trilocular; estilo 1, filiforme o cilíndrico; estigma de capitado a punctiforme, muy levemente trilobado. Fruto en cápsula loculicida, de ovoide a globosa, trígona, con 1-10 semillas por lóculo. Semillas de ovoides a globosas, finamente rugosas, negras, ± brillantes, a veces con eleosoma.Observaciones.-Género de circunscripción difícil y aún imprecisa, que en su sentido más tradicional incluye alrededor de 50 especies que se extienden por Eurasia y las zonas templadas de África. Números básicos propuestos: x = 4, 5, 6, 7 y 9.Estudios recientes indican que Scilla puede ser un género polifilético. Se han propuesto diferentes tratamientos taxonómicos -apoyados en datos cariológicos, morfológicos y moleculares [cf.

The Iberian Peninsula is considered to be a center of natural distribution and diversity for several species of flora. In this study, the genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships of Silene scabriflora from the Iberian Peninsula were analyzed using ISSR and cpSSR markers. A total of 161 ISSR markers were produced, with a percentage of polymorphic loci of 99.4%. A high level of genetic differentiation among S. scabriflora subspecies (S. scabriflora spp. scabriflora, S. scabriflora spp. megacalycina, S. scabriflora spp. gallaecica and S. scabriflora spp. tuberculata) was observed (Gst ¼ 0.3685), which was illustrated by UPGMA dendrogram. Molecular results are in agreement with subspecies morphological characterization, particularly supporting the morphological similarities between S. scabriflora spp. scabriflora and S. scabriflora spp. megacalycina. Three of the five cpSSR loci analyzed were polymorphic and the two different alleles found in each polymorphic locus were combined in two different haplotypes. The results obtained in this study provide evidences for a long distance dispersion theory, Southern of Spain as the biodiversity center of S. scabriflora; for speciation, Southern of Spain as a refugia-within-refugia considering the speciation that occurs in S. scabriflora spp. scabriflora found in this region and the possibility of S. scabriflora spp. scabriflora as being ancestral of the species.