O trator agrícola desempenha importante função no setor rural. Em concomitante, vem a segurança do operador na operação e no deslocamento dos tratores em vias de circulação. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi examinar as produções científicas sobre acidentes com tratores em vias públicas brasileiras. Para isso, foi realizada uma revisão de literatura do período de 2012 a 2016, em recursos disponíveis on-line, sendo selecionadas 36 produções científicas. Por meio da análise, foi observado que mais de 50% do total dos acidentes com máquinas agrícolas ocorrem em vias públicas de circulação, com destaque para a colisão, observada em 77% das ocorrências. Quanto às regiões do país, Sul, Sudeste e Centro-Oeste apresentaram o maior número de acidentes. De modo geral, as publicações sobre acidentes em vias públicas no Brasil, voltadas para as máquinas e tratores agrícolas, mostraram-se incipientes e demonstram possibilidade de abrangência em rodovias estaduais e municipais. Ainda são necessárias políticas públicas voltadas para o problema, criando condições e mecanismos capazes de maximizar ações, visto que a falta de conhecimento e de informação sobre a operação segura do maquinário e sua relação com os acidentes é comum entre os operadores.
-Agriculture is fundamental to the country economic and social development. The agricultural mechanization, with tractors participation, allows to increase the cultivated areas or the production scale, then, the Brazilian tractors manufacture began in 1960, with the installation of the local industry. This allowed a new direction in the productive activities, which incorporated new techniques and more productive equipment, to increase the operational efficiency. This study aims to calculate and demonstrate the Brazilian tractors fleet evolution in terms of composition by time of use in the period from the installation of the national tractor industry until 2016. For this composition, were used the annual data of agricultural tractor sales provided from ANFAVEA. The analysis showed that sales follow economic cycles, with peaks in the 70s and 2010. It is also possible to observe that Brazil has almost one million tractors and currently, it has the youngest fleet of the last 29 years, which began its renewal from 2000, by credit related policies. Keywords -Mechanization, fleet composition, renewal.Resumo -A agricultura é fundamental para o desenvolvimento econômico e social do país. Dessa forma, a mecanização agrícola, com auxílio de tratores, permite ampliar as áreas cultivadas ou a escala de produção, sendo que a manufatura das primeiras unidades de tratores no Brasil se iniciou em 1960, com a instalação da indústria local. Isso possibilitou um novo direcionamento às atividades produtivas do país, que passaram a incorporar novas técnicas e equipamentos mais produtivos, com vistas à eficiência operacional. O objetivo deste estudo foi calcular e demonstrar a evolução da composição da frota brasileira de tratores por faixas de tempo de uso desde a instalação da indústria de tratores no país até o ano de 2016. Para essa composição, foram utilizados os dados anuais de vendas de tratores agrícolas, divulgados pela ANFAVEA. A análise demonstrou que as vendas acompanham os ciclos econômicos, apresentando picos na década de 70 e de 2010. Ainda, é possível observar que o Brasil apresenta, aproximadamente, um milhão de tratores e, atualmente, possui a frota mais jovem dos últimos 29 anos, a qual iniciou sua renovação a partir do ano 2000, por políticas de acesso ao crédito.Palavras-chave -Mecanização, composição da frota, renovação.
A expansão agrícola e a introdução da atividade mecanizada contribuíram para o crescimento do mercado de máquinas. Atualmente, as vendas de tratores têm grande representatividade no total das vendas internas de máquinas agrícolas e rodoviárias no país. O trator desempenha um papel importante nas operações agrícolas e caracteriza-se como a principal fonte de potência, visto que, a partir dele, é possível produzir em grande escala. O presente estudo teve por objetivo calcular, anualmente, o índice de tratorização brasileiro, nos últimos 40 anos (1976 a 2016). Este cálculo relaciona o número de hectares cultivados por trator, por meio dos dados da frota brasileira de tratores e do total de área cultivada. Ao analisar o panorama acerca da evolução do índice de tratorização no Brasil, é possível verificar uma intensificação na mecanização agrícola. Ao comparar o índice brasileiro com o de outros países, o Brasil demonstra possibilidades de se igualar, ao longo do tempo, aos índices apresentados pelos países mais desenvolvidos.
The mechanization of forest harvesting is a trend in Brazil. However, small and medium-sized companies in the forestry sector, even today, opt for semi-mechanized harvesting, using chainsaws for the harvesting and sectioning of trees. Despite technological advances, when operated continuously, chainsaws may cause damage to the operator’s body, acting as a stressor, and vibration excess is responsible for numerous health disorders, among them the Raynaud syndrome. In this sense, this study aimed to determine the vibration levels to which a chainsaw operator is subjected, during the transversal cut (tracing) of the wood, in different forest species and cutting sets. The treatments consisted of three forest species (Eucalyptus grandis, Eucalyptus dunnii and Acacia mearnsii De Wild) and two cutting sets, consisting of square tooth chains of the semi-chisel and chisel types. The vibration assessment was based on the criteria established by the Regulatory Standards NR15, NHO10 and ISO 2631-4. The results of vibration levels were higher than the reference limits established by ISO 2631-4, and, for both cutting sets, the highest vibration levels occurred on the “x” axis. After the data processing, the acceleration values resulting from the normalized exposure to hand-arm vibrations showed significant differences for the “y” and “z” axes. Therefore, it can be inferred that the chainsaw operation is a stressor, potentially capable of causing damage to workers' health.
The market of agricultural tractors has an important role in the Brazilian economy, as well as the role the tractor plays in agricultural operations. With the rising level of mechanization, the traffic of tractors on public roads consequently increased, thus raising the propensity of occurring accidents. In transit, tractors present low traveling speed, besides being wider machines in comparison to cars, besides also presenting low visibility to the other drivers who use the roads. The relevance of studies that point the problems related to this type of traffic accident is related to its severity, in order to seek preventive measures. In this context, this study aimed to address the interface of safety components related to lighting and signaling with the avoidance of accidents involving agricultural tractors on public roads. This way, studies show aspects such as: the road speed limit, as well as its type and width; the number of vehicles and agricultural machinery in circulation; safety components; lighting and signaling items, influence and help to draw a characterization of accidents involving farm machinery. Among the types of accidents, collision and overturning are the most common. Even if the number of accidents with tractors is lower in relation to automotive vehicles, the severity of the accidents is greater, with propensity of 5 to 8 times more deaths. Therefore, the correct use of safety components and items of lighting and signaling on tractors, in addition to the compliance with laws and regulations, may contribute to reducing the number of accidents with agricultural machines on public roads.
The evolution of Brazilian agricultural mechanization increased, within with the cultivated area, searching to satisfy the demand for food. The agricultural tractor is the main source of power in meeting this demand. However, due to its increasing use, incidents have been observed in public roadways. The lighting and signaling elements of these machines are critical in preventing these occurrences, and there is, in Brazil, legislation in this area, the CONTRAN (National Traffic Council) and the Ministry of Labor. The objective of this study was to demonstrate the evolution and application of the Brazilian law for the lighting and signaling requirements for tractors on public roads traffic and relate these aspects to scientific studies relevant to the topic. Through the study, it was observed that there was an evolution in the Brazilian legislation, especially since 2014, with the term of CONTRAN Resolution no. 454. From this evolution, there was misalignment between the items required by the different legislative bodies on the subject and, in addition, the provisions from both the CONTRAN and the Ministry of Labor have no technical and/or dimensional requirements relative to the location of items on the machine. The scientific studies analyzed showed that there was also progress in the implementation of legislation in new agricultural tractors. However, it is not enough for the machine to leave the factory in a proper way, it must be maintained in working conditions for its operation. Finally, it was observed the need for the implementation of awareness campaigns on the context of road safety and the use of methods for assessing their effectiveness.
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The traffic of machines is the main cause of compaction of forest soils, causing soil deformations, due to the pressures exerted by the machines, both at the time of cutting and in the transshipment of wood. In this sense, this work had as objective to evaluate soil compaction, caused by the traffic of machines, in the mechanized thinning operation of Eucalyptus saligna Smith. This study was carried out in forest stands, in the municipality of Butiá, RS. Changes in soil physical properties were evaluated in three treatments: with no traffic; after cutting; and after wood transshipment. The forest inventory and collection of undisturbed soil samples were carried out to determine microporosity, macroporosity and bulk density. The experimental design was the completely randomized, in a bifactorial arrangement, with subdivided plots. For the comparison of the physical attributes, the Tukey test (p≤0.05) of significance was used. The results evidenced increase in soil density values, mainly in the treatment after transshipment and decrease in macropores, with values close to and below the limit considerable as detrimental to the development of the plants. The knowledge of soil deformations caused by forest operations contributes to the improvement of future processes aiming to guide the physical quality of the soil, in order to offer beneficial conditions to the growth of the plants.
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