This study investigated the effect of the solvent composition on the extraction of phenolic compounds from teff grains and compared the efficiency between the techniques homogeniser‐assisted extraction (HAE) and ultrasound‐assisted extraction (UAE). The solvents used were water, ethanol and methanol, and the response analysed was the total phenolic content (TPC). The quantitative profile of polyphenols extracted was also determined by ultra‐performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC‐TQD). According to the optimisation, the maximum response was estimated at solvent ratios of 51:40:9 and 49:26:25 (water/ethanol/methanol, v/v/v) for HAE and UAE, respectively. Under optimal conditions, the extraction technique did not significantly influence the TPC extracted, but the TFC (total flavonoid content) and the antioxidant capacity were significantly higher when UAE was used. The phenolic acids p‐coumaric and protocatechuic and the flavonoids quercetin, rutin and myricetin were the main polyphenols extracted. Both techniques studied were efficient in extracting polyphenols from whole teff grains.
This research described sensory characteristics of gluten‐free bread (GFB) enriched with teff and yacon flour (YF) using flash profile (FP) and common dimension analysis (ComDim). The addition of TF and YF (up to 35%) maintained the sensory attributes. GFB enriched with YF was described by white color, aroma, and taste of white flour, softness and sour aroma. GFB enriched with YF and TF was described by brown color, rougher and aerated texture, wholemeal flour aroma and bitter taste. ComDim explained 96.9% of the total variance with the first three common dimensions (CD). CD1 and CD3 were able to correctly discriminate the products. FP allowed a quick description of the set of products and ComDim proving to be a good alternative to statistical analysis of the data. This study highlights the potential use of TF and YF for the production of gluten‐free products with adequate sensory quality.
Practical applications
Considering that the development of gluten‐free products with adequate technological, nutritional, and sensorial properties represents the main challenge for food technology, this study evaluated the descriptive sensory characteristics of gluten‐free bread enriched with teff (TF) and yacon flour (YF) using flash profile (FP) technique. FP is a descriptive sensory method that has the main advantage of the elimination of the training phase of the assessors, which makes it faster and more advantageous. Usually, the results from this method are analyzed by generalized procrustes analysis. In this research, the results of the sensory description were analyzed using common dimension analysis (ComDim). The addition of TF and YF to the product is viable as it improves its nutritional composition. Furthermore, ComDim assigns different weights (saliences) to the evaluator in each dimension, allowing a differentiated analysis of its importance, proving to be a good alternative to the statistical analysis for FP.
Coffee brew is widely consumed for its sensory properties, so sensory evaluation is essential for quality control. This study used CATA (check‐all‐that‐apply) and preference ranking test (PRT) to evaluate four coffee brews. The quantification of caffeine, trigonelline, and chlorogenic acid was performed with high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Four distinct groups were identified using the correspondence analysis (CA). Samples A and C had similar characteristics: lower caffeine and melanoidins, higher contents of trigonelline and chlorogenic acids, higher pH, and titratable acidity. Such features were associated with a sweet odor and less intense color. Samples B and K showed high levels of melanoidins and caffeine and low concentrations of trigonelline and chlorogenic acids. These samples had a dark color, bitter and intense flavor. The PRT indicated that coffee brew K was preferred, and coffee A was the least preferred coffee sample.
Novelty impact statement
Applying consumer‐based methodologies and sensometrics allows obtaining a reliable and fast sensory characterization of food products. The correlations found between the coffee brew composition and the attributes indicated as important by consumers can be used by the coffee industry to develop its products.
As the demand for healthier foods increases, the use of synthetic antioxidants in the food industry has been the subject of questions regarding food safety due to toxicity issues. Several researches are focused on the search for natural compounds that exhibit this functional property and many plant matrices were studied as potential sources of antioxidants (Cañadas et al., 2021;Fombang et al., 2020;Kumar et al., 2021;Santos et al., 2021). To obtain the antioxidants from plant matrices, the optimization of the extraction processes is an important challenge, including the choice of the extraction methodology (conventional and unconventional methods), the time and temperature of the process, sample/solvent ratio, the mixture of solvents, the solvent toxicity, and the preservation of the bioactive compounds during the process (
A qualidade da merenda escolar é de grande importância, pois muitas escolas oferecem refeições sem o preparo adequado, favorecendo a multiplicação de micro-organismos que podem causar doenças. O Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar (PNAE) pertence ao governo federal, e beneficia diversos alunos, proporcionando hábitos alimentares mais saudáveis, objetivando suprir 15% das necessidades nutricionais diárias de crianças, num período de 4 a 12 horas por dia. Este programa utiliza o manual de Boas Práticas de Fabricação (BPF) para assegurar a qualidade dos alimentos. Assim, este trabalho teve como objetivo elaborar o Manual de Boas Práticas de Fabricação (MBPF) para estabelecer normas adequadas de preparação dos alimentos e treinar os funcionários do serviço de alimentação escolar. Para avaliar as BPF, foi aplicado um check list. Os resultados obtidos foram apresentados à direção do estabelecimento para a tomada de ações corretivas. O manual foi elaborado com base na Resolução 216/04, que regulamenta as boas práticas para serviços de alimentação. A escola avaliada obteve resultado regular de classificação e aceitou que fossem coletadas amostras das superfícies de equipamentos e utensílios utilizados no preparo da merenda escolar para análise microbiológica. Com a capacitação das merendeiras envolvidas com o preparo da alimentação escolar, pôde-se constatar diminuição da contaminação de bactérias aeróbias mesófilas nas superfícies de contato analisadas. Estes resultados comprovaram que a correta aplicação da BPF aliada à capacitação de merendeiras e a melhoria do lay-out da área de produção e estoque torna possível atingir uma classificação melhor quanto às boas práticas higiênico-sanitárias.Palavras-chave: Merenda Escolar, PNAE, boas práticas higiênicas, manual de BPF.
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