In the following we present a new non-invasive methodology aimed at the diagnosis of stone building materials used in historical buildings and architectural elements. This methodology consists of the integrated sequential application of in situ proximal sensing methodologies such as the 3D Terrestrial Laser Scanner for the 3D modelling of investigated objects together with laboratory and in situ non-invasive multi-techniques acoustic data, preceded by an accurate petrographical study of the investigated stone materials by optical and scanning electron microscopy. The increasing necessity to integrate different types of techniques in the safeguard of the Cultural Heritage is the result of the following two interdependent factors: 1) The diagnostic process on the building stone materials of monuments is increasingly focused on difficult targets in critical situations. In these cases, the diagnosis using only one type of non-invasive technique may not be sufficient to investigate the conservation status of the stone materials of the superficial and inner parts of the studied structures 2) Recent technological and scientific developments in the field of non-invasive diagnostic techniques for different types of materials favors and supports the acquisition, processing and interpretation of huge multidisciplinary datasets.

Integrated ultrasonic, laser scanning and petrographical characterization of carbonate building materials on an architectural structure of a historic building --Manuscript Draft--Manuscript Number:Full Title: Integrated ultrasonic, laser scanning and petrographical characterization of carbonate building materials on an architectural structure of a historic building Article Type:

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This paper focuses on the dynamic characterization approach to evaluate the conservation\ud state of carbonate building stones of monumental structures. In particular, we report the use of\ud elastic waves at an ultrasonic frequency of 54 kHz to define quantitatively some dynamic properties\ud of carbonate rock types used as building materials. Measurements of compressional and shear wave\ud velocities have been carried out and the relationship between some physical properties of the investigated\ud rocks and these geophysical measurements have been evaluated. The ultrasonic data were also\ud supplemented by a petrographical study of these rocks to correlate their petrophysical features with the\ud elastic ones. Based on the results of the laboratory measurements, in situ applications on a significant\ud monumental structure have been also carried out to check zones of weakness and to assess the state\ud of deterioration of the investigated stones. A comparison of laboratory and in situ results confirms that\ud dynamic characterization is a useful approach

Abstract. When combined, the three-dimensional imaging of different physical properties of architectural monumental structures acquired through different methodologies can highlight with efficiency the characteristics of the stone building materials. In this work, we compound high resolution Digital Color Images (DCI) and Terrestrial Laser Scanner (TLS) data for a dense 3-D reconstruction of an ancient pillar in a nineteenth century building in the town of Cagliari, Italy. The TLS technique was supported by a digital photogrammetry survey in order to obtain a natural color texturized 3-D model of the studied pillar. Geometrical anomaly maps showing interesting analogies were computed both from the 3-D model derived from the TLS application and from the high resolution 3-D model detected with the photogrammetry. Starting from the 3-D reconstruction from previous techniques, an acoustic tomography in a sector of prior interest of the investigated architectural element was planned and carried out. The ultrasonic tomography proved to be an effective tool for detecting internal decay or defects, locating the position of the anomalies and estimating their sizes, shapes, and characteristics in terms of elastic-mechanical properties. Finally, the combination of geophysical and petrographical data sets represents a powerful method for understanding the quality of the building stone materials in the shallow and inner parts of the investigated architectural structures.