A road tunnel is an enclosed and covered infrastructure for the vehicular traffic. Its lighting system provides 24 h of artificial sources only, with a higher amount of electric power used during the day. Due to safety reasons, when there is natural lighting outside the tunnel, the lighting levels in the stretches right after the entrance and before the exit must be high, in order to guide the driver's eye towards the middle of the tunnel where the luminance must guarantee safe driving, avoid any over-dimensioning of the lighting systems, and produce energy savings. Such effects can be reached not only through the technological advances in the field of artificial lighting sources with high luminous efficiency, but also through new materials for road paving characterized by a higher reflection coefficient than other ordinary asphalts. This case study examines different technical scenarios, analyzing and comparing possible energy and economic savings. Traditional solutions are thus compared with scenarios suggesting the solutions previously mentioned. Special asphalts are interesting from an economic point of view, whereas the high costs of LED sources nowadays represent an obstacle for their implementation. OPEN ACCESSSustainability 2015, 7 9665

Abstract:Proper lighting is vital to improve, from an artistic point of view, the surface expanse and decorative detailing of architectural heritage buildings considered valuable. When properly lit, monumental buildings can become to onlookers an essential part of the city. Nowadays, for design planners dealing with the improvement of buildings, whose architectural design should be valorized, the real challenge is to combine the lighting artistic requirements with scrupulous economic management in order to limit the energy demand and to respect the environment. For these reasons, this case study examines the lighting of the monumental façade and the cloister of St. Peter in Chains situated in the Faculty of Engineering of Sapienza University of Rome. The present lighting installation, characterized by metal halides, compact fluorescent and halogen lamps, is compared with an alternative scenario presenting LED lamps and scenographic lighting of the monumental façade. Such comparison is based on the evaluation of the lighting levels for different visual tasks and on energy and maintenance issues; the first analysis was performed through the software DIALux Evo 4.0, whereas the second was performed using ecoCALC. This study leads to the conclusion that the lighting levels of the solution OPEN ACCESSSustainability 2015, 7 10771 presenting LED lamps are better than those of the present solution, and they comply with current standards. Finally, the higher costs of LED lamp installations and the scenographic lighting of the monumental façade are balanced by lower maintenance costs, with a payback period of seven years.

University campuses are comparable to cities, despite the differences in dimension and kind of structures. The Smart City model can be scaled and adapted to them in order to create a Smart Campus. In this framework the research project SC2 is based on an integrated Smart planning in order to reach this goal. The strength of the project is its methodological approach characterized by 5 key points: planning, integration and collaboration, flexibility and scalability. SC2 is the starting point to transform universities and single urban elements using a framework which can be extended and scaled to different urban contexts

The management of a large number of students, activities and services is one of the biggest challenges for modern campuses. A good solution to face these issues is the application of the Smart concept to university campuses, creating the new idea of Smart Campus. This idea is based on the deep knowledge of the area and the consequent choice of suitable actions and strategies. The proposed approach develops two aspects: the recognition of the mutual influences among the Smart fields; the prioritization process weighted on several factors, such as production times, integration degree, feasibility, stakeholders' opinion, etc. The aim of this paper is to define a methodology for the conscious and coherent choice of strategies to develop the Smart Campus, evaluating them on the basis of the level of integration, feasibility and obtained benefits

Abstract:The European Union is working on strategies in order to increase the energy efficiency of buildings. A useful solution is to identify the energy performance of buildings through the Energy Performance Certificate (EPC), as it provides information for the comparison of buildings with different architectural typology, shape, design technology and geographic location. However, this tool does not assess the real energy consumption of the building and does not always take into account its impact on the environment. In this work, two different types of analysis were carried out: one based only on the energy efficiency and the other one based on the environmental impact. Those analyses were applied on a standard building, set in three different Italian locations, with the purpose of obtaining cross-related information. After the evaluation of the results, interventions on some parameters (walls insulation, windows frame, filler gas in the insulated glazing) have been identified in order to improve the energy behavior of the building with an acceptable environmental impact. The aim of this paper is to propose a methodology that integrates the EPC with green building rating systems, leading to a more conscious choice of retrofit interventions as a compromise between energy performances and environmental impact. OPEN ACCESSSustainability 2015, 7 10325

While planning a double-hole road tunnel with a length higher than one km, it is important to pay attention to the safety factor if an accident occurs. If there is a power outage, in order to avoid critical situations that could jeopardize the safety of the people present (facilitating the stream coming out from the tunnel and the arrival of the emergency personnel), it is really important to guarantee uninterrupted lighting of roadways, mandatory emergency lay-bys, and ways of escape. Uninterrupted service of the lighting systems supply must be guaranteed, in accordance with the current regulations, through the exertion of UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supply) and power units. During tunnel construction, such devices represent a cost that must be amortized. In this case study, which takes into consideration a section of a road tunnel characterized by emergency lay-bys and ways of escape, emergency and security lighting were planned and installation and management costs were evaluated. The goal of this research was the creation of a cash flow thanks to the energy generated by photovoltaic panels, in a way that the service life of the system (25 years) coincided with the amortization of the costs of the backup electrical equipment installation (complying with the regulations). The possibility of over-dimensioning the UPS and providing it with a proper OPEN ACCESS Sustainability 2015, 7 9810 photovoltaic panel surface (235 kWp) to generate and exchange electric energy with the grid was taken into consideration.

Solar thermal collector system is a widely used solution involving renewable energy source to cover the energy demand for domestic hot water production. At Italian level, the UNI TS 11300 provides a calculation methodology based on two approaches: the asset rating, which is easy to be applied but provides approximated results, and the tailored rating, which is more reliable but requires several detailed information. In this context, the present work proposes a new methodological approach to develop a simplified calculation method in order to obtain accurate energy performance results with no-additional cost for assessors and final users. Different case studies were analysed carrying out parametric simulations. The obtained results have led to the definition of the new simplified calculation methodology to predict the thermal energy supplied by solar thermal collectors; it allows also calculating the domestic hot water volume to be covered by other technical building systems, becoming a useful tool for their pre-dimensioning. Besides, the results open to new scenarios of interest, such as the application of the same approach to other energy services in order to integrate the outcomes of the asset rating provided by the UNI TS 11300.

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