The aim of this article is to reinterpret the results obtained from the research analyzing the role played by spatial frequencies in face perception. Two main working lines have been explored in this body of research: (a) the critical bandwidth of spatial frequencies that allows face recognition to take place (the masking approach) and (b) the role played by different spatial frequencies while the visual percept is being developed (the microgenetic approach). However, results obtained to date are not satisfactory in that no single explanation accounts for all the data obtained from each of the approaches. We propose that the main factor for understanding the role of spatial frequencies in face perception depends on the interaction between the demands of the task and the information in the image (the diagnostic-recognition approach). Using this new framework, we review the most significant research carried out since the early 1970s to provide a reinterpretation of the data obtained. person/machine interfaces in the near future. The importance of this process has motivated the study of these underlying mechanisms for more than three decades. However, after so much effort, there is still no theory that offers a full explanation of all the results obtained.The research aimed at providing an explanation of the face-recognition process is basically focused on three approaches: cognitive, psychophysical and neurophysiological (see Table 1).The cognitive approach has tried to identify the variables that affect successful perceptual tasks (similarity of stimuli, observation time, level of processing, etc.) and to describe as far as possible the different stages in the process in order to generate a high-level symbolic explanatory model

The goals of this research are (a) to explore how Spanish families understand FQoL by developing 2 different measurement tools for families with a member with ID under and over 18 years old, and (b) to provide 2 diagnostic instruments that will be useful for designing action plans.Method The study comprised 4 stages: (a) focus groups, (b) expert assessment, (c) pilot study, and (d) normalisation and standardisation. The data were collected in 5 regions in Spain, and 1,205 families with a member with ID took part in the normalisation and standardisation of the scales.Results Both FQoL scales were consistent and have valid psychometric characteristics. ConclusionsThe scales have a diagnostic purpose for use in designing action plans aimed at producing significant changes in families' lives. Keywords: family quality of life, family needs, intellectual disability, family quality of life scale Family quality of life 3 IntroductionIn recent decades, researchers, professionals and families themselves have shown growing concern with the quality of life (QoL) of persons with intellectual disability (ID) and their families. Although research on the QoL of persons with ID has a long history and has generated a large corpus of results with consequences for both theory and practical applications for improving the lives of these people (e.g., Brown, 1997; Cummins, 1996; Cummins, 1997a; Keith & Schalock, 2000; Schalock, 1996; Schalock, 1997;Schalock et al., 2002; Schalock, Gardner, & Bradley, 2007;Schalock & Verdugo, 2002), the same has not happened with regard to family quality of life (FQoL).In comparison with research on the QoL of persons with ID, research on FQoL is still limited (Summers et al., 2005) and recent. Nevertheless, there is widespread agreement on the importance of this new construct both for improving families' abilities to cope with a child with ID and for assessing the possible impact of the services and supports these families receive, which represent a significant investment in terms of financial and professional resources. To address these issues, various research teams have put considerable effort into conceptualising, measuring, and improving the quality of the families' lives (Aznar & Castañón, 2005; Brown et al., 2006; Hoffman, Marquis, Poston, Summers, & Turnbull, 2006; Hu, Summers, Turnbull, & Zuna, 2011; Isaacs et al., 2007). This work has led to the development of three scales for measuring FQoL, including different domains: (a) the Beach Center Family Quality of Life Scale (Beach Center FQOL Scale; Hoffman, Marquis, Poston, Summers, & Turnbull, 2006); (b) the Family Quality of Life Survey (FQOLS-2006; Brown et al., 2006; Isaacs et al., 2007); and (c) the Latin American Family Quality of Life Scale (Latin American FQoL Scale; Aznar & Castañón, 2005). Family quality of life 4The research presented here is in line with these initiatives and seeks to provide Spanish professionals and families with instruments based on what they understand by FQoL, their values and beliefs, and is sensitive ...

Researchers, professionals, and families have shown increasing concern about the quality of life of people with intellectual disabilities (ID) and their families. Due to the growing interest in family quality of life (FQoL) as a key issue for social policy in the ID field, the aim of this research was to explore FQoL in Catalonia (Spain). The Spanish Family Quality of Life Scales (CdVF-E) were completed by 144 families using the version for households with children up to 18 years of age and by 122 families using the version for households with adult children over 18 years of age. The results show that FQoL is higher in families with adult children over 18 years of age than in families with children up to 18 years of age, and there are differences among domains in both groups. Likewise, there are relations between the scores in the scales and some demographic characteristics such as marital status, level of education, employment status, and family income, particularly in households with children under 18 years of age.

Besides providing specific support for individuals with intellectual disability, local policymakers and practitioners should apply a family-centred approach to the provision of support for families in order to improve FQoL.

Studying the collective behavior of fishes often requires tracking a great number of individuals. When many fishes move together, it is common for individuals to move so close to each other that some fishes superimpose themselves on others during one or several units of time, which impacts on tracking accuracy (i.e., loss of fish trajectories, interchange of fish identities). Type 1 occlusions arise when two fishes swim so near each other that they look like one long fish, whereas type 2 occlusions occur when the fishes' trajectories cross to create a T- or X-shaped individual. We propose an image processing method for resolving these types of occlusions when multitracking shoals in two dimensions. We assessed processing effectiveness after videorecording shoals of 20 and 40 individuals of two species that exhibit different shoal styles: zebrafish (Danio rerio) and black neon tetras (Hyphessobrycon herbertaxelrodi). Results show that, although the number of occlusions depended on both the number of individuals and the species, the method is able to effectively resolve a great deal of occlusions, irrespective of the species and the number of individuals. It also produces images that can be used in a multitracking system to detect individual fish trajectories. Compared to other methods, our approach makes it possible to study shoals with water depths similar to those seen in the natural conditions of the two species studied.

We empirically applied the GrooFiWorld agent-based model (Puga-González et al. 2009) in a group of captive redcapped mangabeys (Cercocebus torquatus). We analysed several measurements related to aggression and affiliative patterns. The group adopted a combination of despotic and egalitarian behaviours resulting from the behavioural flexibility observed in the Cercopithecinae subfamily. Our study also demonstrates that the GrooFiWorld agent-based model can be extended to other members of the Cercopithecinae subfamily generating parsimonious hypotheses related to the social organization.[Dolado R and Beltran FS 2012 Emergent patterns of social organization in captive Cercocebus torquatus: Testing the GrooFiWorld agent-based model.

Fish can gain significant adaptive advantages when living in a group and they exhibit a wide variety of types of collective motion. The scientific literature recognizes 2 main patterns: shoals (aggregations of individuals that remain close to each other), and schools (aggregations of aligned, or polarized, individuals). We analyzed the collective motion of 2 social fish species, zebrafish (Danio rerio) and black neon tetra (Hyphessobrycon herbertaxelrodi), and compared their patterns of movement and the effect of group size and environmental constraints such as water column height and tank geometry on the collective motion of both species. We recorded the movement of groups of fish (n = 10 and n = 20) using 2 tank geometries: a rectangular shape and a rectangular shape with rounded corners; and we also manipulated the water column height (15 and 25 cm). We extracted the individual fish trajectories and calculated indices of cohesion, coordination, group density and group shape. The results showed that the 2 species had different types of collective motion: the zebrafish's global motion matched that of a shoal, while the black neon tetra's motion matched that of a school. Indirect evidence indicated that the 2 species tended to occupy the vertical space differently while swimming in a group. Finally, we found that tank geometry did not affect group polarization, whereas group size had an effect on black neon tetra density, which was higher in small group sizes than in large ones. (PsycINFO Database Record

We have studied how leaders emerge in a group as a consequence of interactions among its members. We propose that leaders can emerge as a consequence of a self-organized process based on local rules of dyadic interactions among individuals. Flocks are an example of self-organized behaviour in a group and properties similar to those observed in flocks might also explain some of the dynamics and organization of human groups. We developed an agent-based model that generated flocks in a virtual world and implemented it in a multi-agent simulation computer program that computed indices at each time step of the simulation to quantify the degree to which a group moved in a coordinated way (index of flocking behaviour) and the degree to which specific individuals led the group (index of hierarchical leadership). We ran several series of simulations in order to test our model and determine how these indices behaved under specific agent and world conditions. We identified the agent, world property, and model parameters that made stable, compact flocks emerge, and explored possible environmental properties that predicted the probability of becoming a leader.