Summary Reasons for performing study: Complications of osteosynthesis including superficial and deep infections continue to affect adversely outcome in equine surgery of the lower limb. Objective: To describe a technique for minimally invasive plate fixation in horses and evaluate clinical results of the technique. Hypothesis: Lower complication rates would occur in horses treated with a minimally invasive approach compared with conventional techniques. Methods: Cases of minimally invasive plate fixation from January 1999 to December 2003 were evaluated. Case records, radiographs and race records for horses that sustained distal third metacarpal/metatarsal (Mc/tIII) condylar fractures were assessed. Follow‐up information was obtained and results analysed. In addition, results for horses that received arthrodesis by a conventional, open approach during the same period were evaluated and statistical analysis was performed. Results: Thirty‐two cases of minimally invasive plate fixation were identified (22 incomplete distal Mc/tIII condylar fractures with a spiralling or diaphyseal component, 10 metacar pophalange al arthrodes es and 4 pastern arthrodeses). For both types of arthrodesis, surgery times and infection rates were lower and survival rates higher in the minimally invasive group, but no statistical difference was found. Spiralling condylar fractures were successfully managed, without catastrophic fracture. Conclusions and potential relevance: Minimally invasive percutaneous plate osteosynthesis (MIPPO) can be successfully used for select applications in horses, and may reduce morbidity and mortality in equine fracture repair.
Nervous system infection with B burgdorferi should be considered in horses with evidence of meningitis and high or equivocal serum anti-B burgdorferi antibody titers. Evaluation of immune function is recommended in adult horses evaluated because of primary bacterial meningitis.
On an automated task, humans selected the larger of two sets of items, each created through the one-by-one addition of items. Participants repeated the alphabet out loud during trials so that they could not count the items. This manipulation disrupted counting without producing major effects on other cognitive capacities such as memory or attention, and performance of this experimental group was poorer than that of participants who counted the items. In Experiment 2, the size of individual items was varied, and performance remained stable when the larger numerical set contained a smaller total amount than the smaller numerical set (i.e., participants used numerical rather than nonnumerical quantity cues in making judgements). In Experiment 3, reports of the number of items in a single set showed scalar variability as accuracy decreased, and variability in responses increased with increases in true set size. These data indicate a mechanism for the approximate representation of numerosity in adult humans that might be shared with nonhuman animals.
Surgeons should be aware that tendon sheaths and the carpal sheath in particular appear to have higher odds of developing sepsis following endoscopic surgery.
Summary Gastric impaction associated with large colon volvulus (LCV) was identified in seven horses. Right dorsal displacement of the large colon and suspected nephrosplenic entrapment was identified in 2 of the 7 horses as well as LCV with concurrent gastric impaction. All horses underwent surgery for LCV and none survived. Five horses died or were subjected to euthanasia intraoperatively or in recovery. One horse was subjected to euthanasia post operatively due to persistent gastric reflux, following resolution of the gastric impaction. One horse was subjected to euthanasia post operatively due to a suspected gastric rupture, which was confirmed on post mortem examination. It is hypothesised that a large mass in the cranial abdomen, such as a gastric impaction may disrupt the normal anatomical large colon alignment or may cause colonic motility or microbiota alterations, and thus increase the risk of large colon displacement and volvulus.
Bilateral choanal atresia in a foal can be successfully treated via transendoscopic fenestration of the buccopharyngeal membranes, enabling the horse to subsequently participate in athletic activities. Secondary problems resulting from initial asphyxia and recurrent stenosis at the surgical site can be overcome but may require prolonged and extensive treatment.
Objective: To report a case of enteric Salmonellosis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteremia in an adult horse. Case summary: A 7-year-old mare presented for signs of acute abdominal pain. Exploratory laparotomy allowed surgical correction of right dorsal displacement of the large colon with a 1801 volvulus at the cecocolic ligament. Postoperatively, the mare developed fevers, leukopenia, and diarrhea. Salmonella newport was cultured from the feces and P. aeruginosa from 2 consecutive blood cultures. The mare responded well to intensive medical therapy. New or unique information provided: Bacteremia associated with colitis is unusual in an adult horse, although the percentage of animals that may be bacteremic is unknown. The bacteria isolated, P. aeruginosa, a common pathogen of other sites in the horse, has not, to our knowledge, been previously reported as a cause of bacteremia and septicemia in an adult horse. (J Vet Emerg Crit Care 2006; 16(3): 219-223)A 7-year-old, approximately 550 kg, Warmblood mare presented to the George D. Widener Hospital for Large Animals, New Bolton Center, for evaluation of abdominal pain of approximately 18 hours duration. On presentation, the mare was bright and alert, with a heart rate of 40 beats per minute (bpm), respiratory rate of 12 breaths per minute, and temperature of 38.3 1C (100.9 1F). Routine hematology and serum biochemistry were unremarkable. Rectal palpation revealed a large gas-distended viscus in the left dorsal quadrant of the abdomen that prevented palpation of the nephrosplenic ligament. Entrapment of the left colon over the nephrosplenic ligament was suspected, and the mare was treated medically with intravenous (IV) fluids, phenylephrine a (30 mg IV) once over 15 minutes, and exercise. The mare exhibited further signs of abdominal pain despite therapy, and an exploratory laparotomy was performed. Pre-operative antimicrobial therapy with ceftiofur b (2.5 mg/kg IV q 12 h) and gentamicin c (8.8 mg/kg IV q 24 h) was initiated. The horse
Reasons for performing study Inflammation is key in the development of post operative ileus in rodents, with a similar pathogenesis likely occurring in other species. Dexamethasone reduces inflammation and therefore could help reduce post operative ileus in the horse. Objectives To determine if dexamethasone reduces post operative ileus in horses with small intestinal disease, and assess the effect on incisional health and short‐term survival. Study design Retrospective case series. Methods Fifteen horses that underwent small intestinal resection and anastomosis were given 0.1 mg/kg bwt dexamethasone intravenously during surgery (DEX). Data from a comparable number of horses that did not receive dexamethasone (NoDEX) was collected retrospectively and sequentially. Horses were matched for the type of resection performed. Fisher's Exact and Student's t tests were used for data analysis. Results There was no significant difference in the amount of nasogastric reflux (litres) (DEX 8.06 ± 17.12, NoDEX 10.02 ± 24.03, P = 0.39) produced or in the number of horses that produced nasogastric reflux post operatively. There was no difference in survival to discharge. The severity of incisional discharge/infection was significantly different between groups when scored 0–3 (0 being no discharge and 3 being severe discharge/infection), (P = 0.01), in favour of DEX (2/15 horses affected) vs. NoDEX (7/15). Conclusions Dexamethasone did not appear to have a beneficial effect on the incidence of post‐operative ileus. Administration of a single dose of dexamethasone does not appear to have a detrimental effect on short‐term survival or on incisional complications. Ethical animal research: Research ethics committee oversight not currently required by this conference: procedures were performed as part of clinical investigations. Explicit owner informed consent for participation in this study was not stated. Source of funding: None. Competing interests: None declared.
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