Background and Objectives: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a ubiquitous opportunistic pathogen. The presence of several virulence factors such as exotoxin and exoenzyme genes and biofilm may contribute to its pathogenicity. The purpose of this study was to investigate the presence of toxA, exoU and exoS, the determination of biofilm production and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns among clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa. Materials and Methods: In this study, 75 isolates of P. aeruginosa were recovered from various clinical specimens. Antimi- crobial susceptibility pattern of isolates were identified. Virulence genes toxA, exoU and exoS were determined using PCR. The ability of biofilm production was assessed. Results: Antimicrobial susceptibility test showed that 12 strains were resistant to more than 8 antibiotics (17.14%). The most effective antibiotic was colistin as 98.6% of isolates were sensitive. The frequencies of exoU and exoS genes were detected as 36.6% and 55.7%, respectively. In addition, 98.6% of the isolates were biofilm producers. Exotoxin A was detected in sixty-eight isolates (95.7%). Conclusion: The findings of this study showed that, the presence of P. aeruginosa exotoxin and exoenzyme genes, particu- larly, the exoU gene is the most common virulence factors in the bacterial isolates from urine samples. Biofilm is a serious challenge in the treatment of P. aeruginosa infection.
Background: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a nosocomial pathogen, acquiring resistance to a wide range of antibiotics. The MexAB-OprM pump can lead to resistance in this organism. Thus, the study was conducted to determine the effect of chitosan and phenylalanine arginyl ß-naphthylamide (PaβN) on the expression of MexAB in isolated ciprofloxacin resistant P. aeruginosa. Objectives: This study investigated the effect of an antibiotic combination on the MexABP. aeruginosa expression. Methods: A total of 30 ciprofloxacin-resistant isolates of P. aeruginosa were collected in this project. Then, chitosan nanoparticles were prepared using the ionic gelation method. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values were determined for ciprofloxacin, ciprofloxacin + PAßN, chitosan + ciprofloxacin, and chitosan + ciprofloxacin + PAßN using the micro-dilution method. Moreover, the expression level of MexAB genes was measured using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Results: In total, 76.7% of the isolates were identified as multidrug resistant. A significant decrease in the MIC value was observed in groups treated with PAβN compared to those without PAβN. Moreover, the MIC value was significantly lower in the ciprofloxacin chitosan group than in groups without ciprofloxacin. Decreased MexA and MexB mRNA levels were observed in all antibiotic-treated strains compared to the ciprofloxacin-treated group. Conclusions: There is a significant relationship between the increased MexAB expression and resistance to ciprofloxacin (P-value < 0.05). One of the therapeutic concerns is multidrug resistant bacteria, which needs to be addressed by finding new and more effective antibiotics.
Background: Biofilms are a major challenge in treating infections. Clinically, biofilms are often associated with chronic infections, so rapid and accurate methods of investigating the antibiotic susceptibility of biofilm bacteria are very important for faster diagnosis and treatment. In this study, a new modified microplate method was proposed to evaluate the antibiotic susceptibility of alive bacteria in the biofilm. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and standard strain over a period of one year. The susceptibility test was conducted according to a modified version of the Calgary biofilm device method. In the last step, to study the living bacteria in the biofilm, oxidative-fermentative (OF) medium was used to measure the acid production following the use of glucose by the bacteria. The biofilm-growing bacteria was determined by observing the color changing and also measuring optical density (OD) at 427 nm of OF medium. Results: The method in this study could evaluate the effect of antibiotics on biofilm bacteria based on glucose metabolism. The results indicated that this method can quickly and easily identify alive bacteria in biofilm at a low cost and without the need for any special devices. Conclusion: Although biofilms are involved in most incurable clinical cases, there is currently no guideline to assist physicians in treating biofilm-related infections. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a specific sensitivity test for biofilm or to approve a new method for routine use in diagnostic laboratories.
Many universities have turned to e-learning during the Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic around the world. Ensuring the quality of higher education, especially in medicine, is considered one of the tasks of the education system, which is essential for both traditional methods and e-learning. This study aimed to monitor and evaluate the quality of e-learning conducted using the university LMS system for courses offered in the BS section and ICM section of medicine during the COVID-19 pandemic. The present study was an evaluation study using a goal-based approach that was conducted using the descriptive cross-sectional method. This study included 76 specialized courses offered in the first semester of the academic year of Bandar Abbas University of Medical Sciences, and participants were evaluated in terms of compliance with the course plan and the quality of the uploaded content. About 60% of e-learning courses presented in the course plan were in compliance with the curriculum. The uploaded educational content of 46.1% of the courses was good, 38.2% of the courses were relatively good, and 15.8% of the courses were not good. In the general review, e-learning courses offered were at a relatively desired level. Due to the new e-learning in medical schools, there is a need to monitor e-learning sessions during the course.
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