Eriocnema fulva Naudin is a perennial herb, endemic to Minas Gerais state, SE Brazil, found on humid, shaded rocky riverbanks in montane semideciduous seasonal forests. The species is threatened, but information regarding its biology is still lacking, although such information is fundamental to any management plan. We aimed to evaluate the reproductive system of Eriocnema fulva in the Jambreiro Forest (19° 58'-59' S and 43° 55'-52' W, 800-1100 m altitude), municipality of Nova Lima, by experiments carried out in 1997 and 1998. The flowers are white, and flowering is of the steady state type, occurring once a year from November to December. Anthers are poricidal, and pollen is the only resource for visitors. The chromosome number is n = 17 during meiosis. The species is self-compatible, but does not produce fruits by spontaneous self-pollination or agamospermy; it requires pollen vectors and buzz pollination in order to produce fruits. Cross-pollination is the main reproductive strategy of E. fulva, and is accentuated by the small number of flowers (one or two in each plant) opened per day. Although the population studied was shaded by forest canopy, the seeds needed light to germinate. Germination ratio was lower in germination cabinet on filter paper (14% after 30 days) than in greenhouse on soil brought from the forest (47% after 25 days). Although the fruit is a capsule and the seeds are small, dispersion (anemochory or hydrochory) does not seem to occur at long distance, as it is the case for other Melastomataceae species with similar syndrome.Keywords: buzz pollination, chromosome number, reproduction system, self-compatible. Sistema de reprodução de Eriocnema fulva Naudin (Melastomataceae), uma espécie endêmica do estado de Minas Gerais, sudeste do Brasil ResumoEriocnema fulva Naudin é uma planta herbácea, perene, endêmica no estado de Minas Gerais, sendo encontrada em paredões rochosos úmidos, ao longo de riachos sombreados pela Floresta Estacional Semidecídua Montana. A espécie é ameaçada de extinção e não existem informações sobre a sua biologia, embora sejam fundamentais para um plano de manejo. Com o objetivo de avaliar o sistema de reprodução, foram feitos experimentos em 1997 e 1998 em uma população na Mata do Jambreiro (19° 58'-59' S e 43° 55'-52' W, 800-1100 m de altitude), no município de Nova Lima. As flores são brancas e a floração é do tipo steady state, ocorrendo uma vez ao ano durante novembro e dezembro. As anteras são poricidas e o pólen é a única recompensa para os visitantes. O número cromossômico encontrado na meiose foi n = 17. A espécie é autocompatível, não produz frutos por autopolinização espontânea nem por agamospermia, mas requer obrigatoriamente vetores de pólen e polinização vibrátil. A polinização cruzada é a principal estratégia reprodutiva de Eriocnema fulva, sendo acentuada devido ao pequeno número de flores abertas por dia, apenas uma ou duas em cada planta. Embora as populações estejam localizadas em ambientes sombreados e úmidos, as sementes precisam de luz para ...
BackgroundSugarcane (Saccharum spp.) is highly polyploid and aneuploid. Modern cultivars are derived from hybridization between S. officinarum and S. spontaneum. This combination results in a genome exhibiting variable ploidy among different loci, a huge genome size (approximately 10 Gb) and a high content of repetitive regions. Gene expression mechanisms are poorly understood in these cultivars. An approach using genomic, transcriptomic and genetic mapping can improve our knowledge of the behavior of genetics in sugarcane.ResultsThe hypothetical HP600 and centromere protein C (CENP-C) genes from sugarcane were used to elucidate the allelic expression and genomic and genetic behavior of this complex polyploid. The genomically side-by-side genes HP600 and CENP-C were found in two different homeologous chromosome groups with ploidies of eight and ten. The first region (Region01) was a Sorghum bicolor ortholog with all haplotypes of HP600 and CENP- C expressed, but HP600 exhibited an unbalanced haplotype expression. The second region (Region02) was a scrambled sugarcane sequence formed from different noncollinear genes containing duplications of HP600 and CENP-C (paralogs). This duplication occurred before the Saccharum genus formation and after the separation of sorghum and sugarcane, resulting in a nonexpressed HP600 pseudogene and a recombined fusion version of CENP-C and orthologous gene Sobic.003G299500 with at least two chimerical gene haplotypes expressed. The genetic map construction supported the difficulty of mapping markers located in duplicated regions of complex polyploid genomes.ConclusionAll these findings describe a low synteny region in sugarcane, formed by events occurring in all members of the Saccharum genus. Additionally, evidence of duplicated and truncate gene expression and the behavior of genetic markers in a duplicated region was found. Thus, we describe the complexity involved in sugarcane genetics and genomics and allelic dynamics, which can be useful for understanding the complex polyploid genome.
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