Serum and seminal plasma concentrations or activities of acid phosphatase (AP), prostate specific antigen (PSA), and canine prostate specific esterase (CPSE) were measured in normal dogs, dogs with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), dogs with bacterial prostatitis, and dogs with prostatic carcinoma t o determine if these assays would be of value in differentiating dogs with prostatic carcinoma from normal dogs, and dogs with other prostatic disorders. In addition, tissue sections of prostatic adenocarcinomas were stained with antiprostatic AP, anti-CPSE, and anti-PSA antibodies t o determine if these would be suitable immunohistochemical markers of prostatic carcinoma. Prostate-specific antigen was not detected in canine serum or seminal plasma. Serum and seminal AP activities did not differ significantly between normal dogs and those with prostatic diseases, or among dogs with different prostatic disorders. Serum CPSE activities were significantly higher in dogs with BPH than in normal dogs. Mean serum enign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), prostatic carci-B noma, and bacterial prostatitis can be difficult to differentiate in dogs because of similarities in clinical presentation, and laboratory and radiographic findings. A definitive diagnosis often requires prostatic biopsy, which is complicated by the relative inaccessibility of the prostate gland. In patients with prostatic carcinoma, inability to rapidly confirm the diagnosis may contribute to the poor prognosis typically associated with thisIn men with prostatic carcinoma, the use of serum markers such as acid phosphatase (AP) and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) has facilitated diagnosis, determination of the extent of disease, evaluation of therapeutic response, and detection of relapse after the rap^.^.^ Prostate-specific antigen is a proteolytic glycoprotein found in normal, hyperplastic, and malignant human prostatic tissue. Increases in serum PSA concentrations have been reported in human patients with BPH, prostatitis, and prostatic carcinomx8 In human patients with prostatic carcinoma, PSA concentrations correlate with the stage ofdisease, and serum activities of PSA are considered more sensitive than serum acid phosphatase activities for monitoring the disease.6 Acid phosphatase and PSA have been identified in normal, neoplastic, and hyperplastic canine prostatic epithelial cells. ' Canine prostate specific esterase (CPSE), the major secretory product of the canine prostate gland, is similar to human PSA and, like PSA, is a serine protease. Although the proteins are closely related, they are clearly distinct from one another." Both CPSE and PSA are under hormonal regulation, and decreases in serum testosterone activities result in reduction in the serum and seminal plasma concentrations or activities.' ' 3 ' ' Canine prostate specific esterase has been identified in normal canine prostatic cells, in canine seminal fluid,I2-I5 and in hyperplastic and neoplastic prostatic tissue.' The esterase is predominantly localized to the apical portions of canin...
Twenty-five dogs with naturally occurring mast cell tumors were treated with daily oral prednisone (1 mg/kg) for 28 days. Five dogs (20%) had reduction in tumor volume and were considered responders. Four of these underwent partial remission and one underwent complete remission. Survival times for the five responders were 3, 5, 6, 7.5, and greater than 28 months, respectively. W e therefore conast cell tumors (MCTs) are common neoplasms M in dogs, accounting for 7% to 2 1 % of all skin and subcutaneous tumors.' The clinical course of the disease varies from benign to highly malignant, and approximately 50% of MCTs are considered clinically malignant.2 The degree of malignancy can be correlated to the neoplasm's histopathologic appearance, which has led to a histopathologic grading ~y s t e m .~,~ Treatment of MCTs may include surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy.',2 Wide surgical excision is the preferred treatment, and radiation therapy is recommended when surgical excision is not possible.',* Radiotherapy can be used either as a single mode of therapy or in conjunction with surgery. Chemotherapy may be indicated when surgery or radiotherapy are not feasible, or as an adjunct to those treatments. Glucocorticoids and L-asparaginase have been shown to have activity against M C T S .~,~ Oral prednisone and intralesional triamcinolone are usually recommended.'X2 Previous reports suggest successful treatment with these agents, but no adequate studies have been performed to document their effectiveness. This multi-institutional prospective study was performed to determine if oral prednisone Materials and MethodsThe initial criteria for inclusion in this study were presence of one or more measurable cutaneous or subcutaneous MCT, histopathology specimen available for review, and no previous treatment with glucocorticoids. Twenty-five clientowned dogs (with 39 tumors) presented to the participating institutions between April 1988 and January 1991 were evaluated. Thirteen dogs had been previously treated by surgical excision of MCTs, but had tumor recurrence at the time of this study. Three dogs were also included that did not meet the above criteria; in those dogs, histopathology specimens were not available for review.Tumor volume was determined before treatment, and the location of the tumors was recorded as trunk, extremities, or head and neck in all dogs. When multiple tumors were present (all tumors were cytologically diagnosed as MCTs), the volumes were added to calculate the total tumor volume, and the largest tumor was biopsied. Pretreatment incisional biopsies were obtained in 23 dogs (dogs 1-23), and 2 dogs (dogs 24 and 25) were treated based upon cytologic evidence of MCTs. Other parameters evaluated (eg, buffy coat and bone marrow cytology, radiographs, and serum biochemical profiles) varied between institutions and were not standardized or analyzed.Treatment consisted of prednisone (1 mg/kg) PO sid for 28 days. With the exception of heartworm prophylaxis, this was the only drug given.Tumor burden was d...
Prostatic hemangiosarcoma (HS) appears to be rare in the dog. 5 In 3 of 4 previously reported cases, the prostate was involved via metastasis. 7,10,11 For 1 dog, the primary tumor presumably was located in the prostate gland, but no details were given. 3 The present report documents what we believe is a primary HS of the prostate in a dog that presented with clinical signs of urinary tract disease. The prostate tumor and metastases had microscopic features of a poorly differentiated HS, and the diagnosis was confirmed by immunohistochemistry.An 11-year-old male Miniature poodle was admitted to a veterinary hospital because of straining to urinate and defecate and passing "ribbon-like" feces for approximately 1 month. Physical examination revealed prostatomegaly. The dog was castrated and given an injection of 0.25 mg of estradiol cypionate a intramuscularly. Clinical signs persisted, and the dog was referred to the University of Minnesota Veterinary Teaching Hospital (UMVTH) 6 days after castration.Physical examination revealed a thin dog with prostatomegaly and a very distended urinary bladder. A complete blood count revealed a normochromic normocytic anemia (PCV = 23%, normal > 37%) without significant regenerative response. The dog was catheterized without difficulty, and 225 ml of yellow urine were removed. A urinalysis was consistent with urinary tract infection, and a urine culture revealed Klebsiella pneumoniae and Proteus mirabilis (> 10 5 colony forming units/ml). Prostatomegaly was identified on abdominal radiographs. A sonogram revealed diffuse prostatic hyperechogenicity with irregular multifocal hypoechoic masses.A prostatic biopsy was performed with a Tru-Cut biopsy needle b via a perineal approach. Microscopic examination revealed neoplastic polyhedral and spindle cells of uncertain tissue type. Following a course of radiation therapy, which failed to shrink the prostate, the dog was euthanized.At necropsy, the prostate gland protruded from the cranial rim of the pelvis and was tightly adhered to the pelvic canal, especially on the right side. Although both lobes of the prostate were enlarged, the right lobe was more severely affected. The prostate was 10.5 x 6.0 x 4.0 cm and weighed 125 g. Transverse sections of the prostate revealed a large yellow core encircled by a rim of red tissue. Reddish-yellow tissue was present within the right obturator foramen. Soft red and white nodules 0.7 cm and 4 cm in diameter were found in the left and right medial thigh muscles, respectively.From the
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