Hypertension is the most common cardiovascular disease that affects approximately 26% of adult population, worldwide. Rutin is one of the important flavonoids that is consumed in the daily diet, and found in many food items, vegetables, and beverages. Uninephrectomy (UNX) of the left kidney was performed, followed by induction of hypertension. The rats were randomly divided into four groups of 10 rats: group 1-Sham-operated rats; group 2-UNX rats, group 3-UNX-L-NAME (40 mg/ kg) plus rutin (100 mg/kg bwt), and groups 4-UNX-L-NAME plus lisinopril (10 mg/kg bwt), orally for 3 weeks. Results revealed significant heightening of arterial pressure and oxidative stress indices, while hypertensive rats treated with rutin had lower expressions of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) and mineralocorticoid receptor in uninephrectomized rats. Together, rutin as a novel antihypertensive flavonoid could provide an unimaginable benefits for the management of hypertension through inhibition of angiotensin converting enzyme and mineralocorticoid receptor. Practical applications Hypertension has been reported to be the most common cardiovascular disease, affecting approximately 26% of the adult population worldwide with predicted prevalence to increase by 60% by 2025. Recent advances in phytomedicine have shown flavonoids to be very helpful in the treatment of many diseases. Flavonoids have been used in the treatment and management of cardiovascular diseases, obesity and hypertension. The study revealed that rutin, a known flavonoid inhibited angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), angiotensin 2 type 1 receptor (ATR1), and mineralocorticoid

Background and Aim: High salt diet and uninephrectomy are associated with high blood pressure with attendant cardiovascular disease conditions such as hypertension, renal damage, myocardial infarction, and stroke. The aim of this study was to investigate the beneficial effects of consumption of cocoa and cocoa-containing products in the management of high blood pressure in uninephrectomized hypertensive rats. Materials and Methods: The effect of cocoa powder on blood pressure, markers of inflammation, oxidative stress, and histopathology were investigated in uninephrectomized animals fed with cocoa feed alone or in combination with a high salt diet. Male rats were randomly divided into five groups: Group A was the control group and fed with normal feed alone, Group B was fed with cocoa feed alone, Group C was fed with high salt diet (8% salt), Group D was fed with cocoa-feed compounded with 8% salt for 4 weeks after uninephrectomy, and Group E was uninephrectomized rats on a normal diet. The left kidneys of animals in Groups C, D, and E were removed by surgery. After 4 weeks of treatment, the systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial blood pressure was measured. The serum markers of renal damage and oxidative stress were determined. Histological examination was also performed on renal and cardiac tissues. Results: Results showed significant increases in biomarkers of oxidative stress, inflammation, and renal damage with a concomitant decrease in antioxidant status in hypertensive uninephrectomized rats. Cocoa feed, however, significantly improved blood pressure and nitric oxide bioavailability, antioxidant status and reduced markers of inflammation and oxidative stress. Conclusion: These findings show that cocoa powder could be used to maintain blood pressure levels in hypertensive rats through its antioxidant capacity.

Research in the area of injectable anesthetics in dogs requires mindfulness of ventilation, in order to supply artificial oxygen, which is often achieved with special equipment which may be unaffordable for veterinarians in developing countries. This study evaluated the effect of oxygen supplementation in dogs anesthetized with acepromazine-tramadol-propofol. Six Nigerian indigenous dogs were premedicated with intramuscular injection of acepromazine (0.03 mg/kg) and tramadol (5 mg/kg), followed by induction of anesthesia with propofol (4 mg/kg) IV 20 min later. Maintenance of anesthesia for 2 h was achieved with repeated bolus injections of propofol (2 mg/kg) at 10 min interval and anesthetized dogs breathed oxygen. This experimental trial was repeated a week later without oxygen supply as a control. Anesthetic indices, cardiopulmonary parameters, and rectal temperature were recorded at 10 min intervals for 2 h. Duration of anesthesia, duration of recumbency, time to extubation, and time to standing were not significantly (P > .05) different from their respective control values. Mean heart rate progressively decreased from the 60 min interval in both groups of anesthetized dogs. Mean arterial pressure in dogs with supplemented oxygen was similar to the control group. The mean oxygen-haemoglobin saturation was similar in both experimental trials. There was a progressive decrease in rectal temperature from the 60 min interval in both groups of anesthetized dogs. It was concluded that bolus injection of propofol, with and without supplemental oxygen, appeared to be efficacious and relatively safe in acepromazine-tramadol premedicated healthy dogs not undergoing any surgical or diagnostic procedures.

Radiography is an important clinical diagnostic tool in any Veterinary establishment and especially for a tertiary institution. It is however limited by lack of functional equipment and staff. This study attempts to assess the challenges faced by the Radiology Unit of the Surgery Clinic and enumerate the distribution of cases at a tertiary veterinary centre between August 2016 and June 2017. All the referred cases to the unit within the study period were accessed (n=52). 26 were selected based on the inclusion criteria which were a radiography request from a clinician and an actual return to clinic of a clear radiograph. Age, sex, lesions and clinical history were recorded from case files and radiographs. The age of animals presented ranged from one month to 13 years. Eleven (11) representing 42.3% of the dogs were female while 14(53.8%) were male, and one animal's sex was omitted. Eighteen (18) were single lesions while four presented with multiple lesions, and four had no observable lesions. Fourteen 14 (53.8%) were fracture cases of long bones either for diagnosis or postreduction evaluation. Three (11.5%) were to check for suspected thoracic metastasis in cases where lumps were found in other parts of the body. Four (15.3%) were of the pelvis to diagnose hip dysplasia. Seven (26.9%) were to aid diagnosis in cases in which swellings were palpated within the abdomen and one (3.8%) was of the cervical spine while another was of a foot (3.8%). The implication of lack of radiographic equipment and staff problems in a tertiary veterinary centre were elucidated and ideal conditions suggested.

The efficacy and safety of premedication with acepromazine-butorphanol or acepromazinebuprenorphine combination were compared in dogs anaesthetized with propofol using total intravenous anaesthesia. Six mature Nigerian indigenous dogs were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 premedication groups: Group 1 (acepromazine, 0.03 mg/kg, IM; butorphanol, 0.4 mg/kg, IM), or 2 (acepromazine, 0.03 mg/kg, IM; buprenorphine, 0.02 mg/kg, IM); propofol was administered using bolus injection method of total intravenous anaesthesia (TIVA); cardiopulmonary parameters of anaesthetized dogs were recorded at 20 min intervals for 2 h. The results of this study showed that significant alterations (p>0.05) were not observed in the anaesthetic indices of dogs on the two protocols. However, significant increase (p<0.05) was observed in the heart rate of dogs anaesthetized with ACE-BUP-PRO compared with those anaesthetized with ACE-BUT-PRO at all time intervals of 20 to 120 min after the induction of anaesthesia. The mean arterial blood pressure decreased significantly (p<0.05) in dogs anaesthetized with ACE-BUP-PRO at 40 and 120 min post anaesthetic induction, compared with dogs anaesthetized with ACE-BUT-PRO. Likewise, the respiratory rate of dogs anaesthetized with ACE-BUP-PRO decreased significantly (p<0.05) at 60, 100 and 120 min post anaesthetic induction. Haemoglobin-oxygen saturation and rectal temperature were not significantly at variance in dogs on the two anaesthetic protocols. In conclusion, either butorphanol or buprenorphine can be used in combination with acepromazine for premedication of dogs for routine surgical and diagnostic procedures. However, caution is advised with the use of buprenorphine in dogs with pre-existing cardiac disease or hypertension.