Manures are more environment-friendly and effective in improving soil fertility, hence their recent preference over inorganic fertilizers. Poultry manure is believed to be the most valuable manure produced by livestock. However, the application had always been only before sowing, unlike the inorganic fertilizers that are, generally, applied after sowing/planting of crops. Therefore, the effects of broiler droppings applied at different rates and times were evaluated on seed germination, growth and yield of leaf amaranths, during the raining season of year 2019. Broilers droppings were applied at 0, 30 and 50 tha-1, at 1 and 2 week (-s) before sowing, at sowing and 1 and 2 (week)s after sowing of amaranth seeds. The experiment was factorial and treatments were replicated thrice in a randomized complete block design. Growth parameters measured were: Plant height, number of leaves, stem girth, leaf area, number of germinated seeds , and yield were measured at 7, 8 and 9 weeks after sowing (WAS). The data generated were subjected to ANOVA at α0.05. At 7 WAS, application of 50 tha-1 manure at sowing produced the highest plant height (17 cm), stem girth (7.40 cm), number of harvested stands (18.33) and marketable yield (7.95 tha-1) with significant differences. At 8 WAS, the highest yield (5.83 tha-1 was obtained from plots treated with 30 tha-1 of poultry dung applied at 2 weeks before sowing while more seeds (27) germinated on both plots treated with 50 t/ha of broiler droppings applied at sowing and 1 WAS. The best recorded values for number of germinated seeds (27) and yield (2.83 tha-1) at 9 WAS were obtained from 50 tha-1 of broiler droppings applied at sowing. 50 t/ha of broiler droppings, at sowing compared well with poultry droppings applied at any rate before sowing.
This study presents a development of strength classes for Vitex doniana, Diospyros mespliformis, Parkia biglobosa and Isoberlinia doka, northern Nigeria timber species in accordance with BS 5268-2 (2002) and NCP 2 (1973). The specimens for the experimental measurements were obtained from timber-sheds in Zaria, Kaduna - Northern part of Nigeria. The laboratory experiments were conducted to determine the physical and mechanical properties of the selected timber species. The specimens were prepared in accordance with BS 373 for small clear specimens for the determination of physical and mechanical properties. Flexural strength properties were determined using three point bending test. Adjustment was made on the mechanical properties at moisture content of 12% and 18% in conformity with BS 5268-2 (2002) and NCP2 (1973) respectively. The laboratory data were analyzed using data analysis tool pack in Microsoft excel 2019 to generate the mean, coefficients of variation and theoretical distribution models which form the uncertainty models. Basic and grade stresses were also computed using experimental failure stresses. The selected timber species were then classified using the grade bending stress, density and mean modulus of elasticity obtained. Vitex doniana, Diospyros mespliformis, Parkia biglobosa and Isoberlinia doka were assigned to strength classes D30, D40, C40 and D30 in accordance with BS 5268-2 (2002) respectively. Similarly, in accordance with the NCP 2 (1973), these species belong to N4, N3, N4 and N3 respectively. The results obtained show that Vitex doniana, Diospyros mespliformis and Isoberlinia doka are hardwoods whereas, only Parkia biglobosa is a softwood species.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.