The present study describes the structure, composition and regeneration of tree species in undisturbed and disturbed tropical forests in Bhuban hills in southern Assam, India. The study area is part of one of the globally recognized biodiversity hot spots and in spite of the increasing human activities in these forests, so far no information is available on their impacts on plant assemblages in the area. In each forest, the vegetation was analysed through 50 quadrats (10 m × 10 m) in a belt transect of 500 m × 10 m. A total of 49, 47 and 42 tree species were recorded in disturbed forests and 62, 61 and 60 species in undisturbed forests. The average tree density and basal area were significantly higher in undisturbed forests (708.67 and 42.01 m 2 ha −1 , respectively) than disturbed forests (443.33 and 18.44 m 2 ha −1 , respectively). The population structure of tree species in disturbed forests showed a fluctuating curve, and in undisturbed forests, it was a reversed J-shaped curve. The present study reveals that the species richness, diversity, density and basal area have significantly declined (P < 0.01) due to anthropogenic disturbances. As reflected from the population structure, most of the tree species in disturbed forests showed poor regeneration status. If degradation of these forests continues at the present pace, several of these species which are providing various ecosystem services to the local human communities may disappear in the very near future.

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The study described patterns of leaf dry mass change, leaf mass per area (LMA), relative growth rate and leaf life span (LL) for 14 evergreen and 7 deciduous species of a tropical forest of Southern Assam, India. Leaf expansion in both the groups was, in general, completed before June (i.e. well before the onset of monsoon rains). Although leaf dry mass during leaf initiation phase was significantly higher (P < 0.01) in evergreen species than in deciduous species, at the time of full leaf expansion, average leaf dry mass relative to the peak leaf dry mass, realised by the evergreen species was lower (66 %) than for deciduous species (76 %). Leaf dry mass increase in both groups continued after leaf full expansion. Evergreen species had a longer leaf dry mass steady phase than deciduous species (2–6 vs 2–3 months). Average LMA of mature leaves for evergreen species (77.43 g m−2) was significantly greater than that of deciduous species (48.43 g m−2). LL ranged from 165 days in Gmelina arborea (deciduous) to 509 days in Dipterocarpus turbinatus (evergreen). LMA was correlated positively with LL, indicating that evergreen species with higher leaf construction cost retain leaves for longer period to pay back. The average leaf dry mass loss before leaf shedding was greater (P < 0.01) for deciduous species (30.29 %) than for evergreen species (18.31 %). Although the cost of leaf construction in deciduous species was lower than for evergreen species, they replace leaves at a faster rate. Deciduous species perhaps compensate the cost involved in faster leaf replacement through higher reabsorption of dry mass during senescence, which they remobilise to initiate growth in the following spring when soil resources remain limiting.

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