The screening test proved to have high specificity and sensitivity to diagnose every type of upper limb praxis deficit, thus showing advantages over previously published tests.
Given the current controversies between the clinical and neuropathological data in Alzheimer's disease (AD), Jack et al. (2016) proposed a new biomarker based classification named as the ATN system with the goal of developing a more accurate characterization and understanding of the sequence of events that lead to cognitive impairment. Opposed to the previous concepts (Albert et al., 2011; Sperling et al., 2011), here the classification is entirely based on biomarkers (Jack et al., 2018). The seven major AD biomarkers are divided in three binary classes: "A" refers to Aβ biomarkers (amyloid PET or CSF Aβ42), "T" to tau pathology biomarker (CSF p-tau or tau PET), and "N" a quantitative or topographic biomarker of neurodegeneration (CSF t-tau, FDG-PET or structural MRI) and each biomarker is rated as positive or negative (Jack et al., 2016; 2018). The aim of this study was to describe the A/T/N research framework classification for AD in the Argentine ADNI cohort and to explore the prediction to develop dementia in a prospective two-year follow-up. A cohort of 56 individuals (23 Mild Cognitive Impairment [MCI], 12 AD and 14 controls) were studied with the ADNI-2 protocol, which has been described in detail elsewhere (Russo et al., 2014). Patients were categorized according to A/T/N and were followed longitudinally (baseline, at 12-and 24-month follow-up visits). A + /T + /N + at baseline was found in 2/14 controls (14%), 2/10 early MCI (20%), 6/13 late MCI (46%) and 11/12 mild dementia (91%); Suspected non-AD pathophysiology (SNAP, A-/T-/N +) was found in 1/14 controls (7%), 2/10 early MCI (20%), 2/13 late MCI (15%) and 1/12 mild dementia (8%); and A-/T-/N-: 8/14 (57%) of normal controls, 4/10 (40%) of e-MCI, 3/13 (23%) of l-MCI and 0/12 (0%) of mild dementia. The first two-year survival analysis was based on clinical classification among normal controls 1/14 (7%), early MCI 2/10 (20%) and late MCI 6/13 (46%). The second two-year survival analysis
Background: Limb apraxia comprises many different and common disorders, which are largely unrecognized essentially because there is no easy-to-use screening test sensitive enough to identify all types of limb praxis deficits. Method: We evaluated 70 right-handed patients with limb apraxia due to a single focal lesion of the left hemisphere and 40 normal controls, using a new apraxia screening test. The test covered 12 items including: intransitive gestures, transitive gestures elicited under verbal, visual, and tactile modalities, imitation of meaningful and meaningless postures and movements, and a multiple object test. Results: Interrater reliability was maximum for a cutoff of >2 positive items identifying apraxia on the short battery (Cohen's kappa .918, p < .0001), and somewhat less for >3 items (Cohen's kappa .768, p < .0001). Although both results were statistically significant, >2 was higher, indicating greater apraxia diagnosis agreement between raters at this cutoff value. Conclusions: The screening test proved to have high specificity and sensitivity to diagnose every type of upper limb praxis deficit, thus showing advantages over previously published tests.
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