were taken every 6 h to determine the effects of diurnal variation of flow on virus load. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sampling site. Sewage and effluent samples were collected from a modem activated-sludge treatment plant situated 35 km (22 miles) from the city of Melbourne. This plant processes 290 Ml of domestic and industrial wastewater per day, providing service for a domestic population of 980,000 and industrial biological oxygen demand equivalent to a population of 544,000 in the southeastern and eastern sectors of the city. The estimated average time of flow from source to purification plant is 10 h. The sewage is first chlorinated (8 mg/liter

BackgroundInflammation plays a key role in the aetiology and progression of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, the immunophenotype of the second most common neurodegenerative cause of dementia, dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), remains unclear. To date there have been no studies examining peripheral inflammation in DLB using multiplex immunoassay and flow cytometry concomitantly. We hypothesised that, using blood biomarkers, DLB would show an increased proinflammatory profile compared with controls, and that there would be a distinct profile compared with AD.Methods93 participants (31 with DLB, 31 with AD and 31 healthy older controls) completed a single study visit for neuropsychiatric testing and phlebotomy. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were quantified for T and B cell subsets using flow cytometry, and serum cytokine concentrations were measured using multiplex immunoassay.ResultsWe detected reduced relative numbers of helper T cells and reduced activation of B cells in DLB compared with AD. Additionally, interleukin (IL)-1β was detected more frequently in DLB and the serum concentration of IL-6 was increased compared with controls.ConclusionsPeripheral inflammation is altered in DLB compared with AD, with T cell subset analysis supporting a possible shift towards senescence of the adaptive immune system in DLB. Furthermore, there is a proinflammatory signature of serum cytokines in DLB. Identification of this unique peripheral immunophenotype in DLB could guide development of an immune-based biomarker and direct future work exploring potential immune modulation as a novel treatment.

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In previous studies it was indicated that vaccines showing especially high protective powers in the "guinea pig test" also induce in these animals high titers of the complement-fixing antibodies (Donovick and Wyckoff, 1942a, TABLE 1 The antibody response of guinea pigs vaccinated with epidemic typhus vaccines having antigenic titers of 1:8 LOT NO. 0? VACCINE 27 31 32 34 35 39 40 41 43* * These lots show 3+ complement fixation at 1:16 dilution as antigens.