Seasonal variation in the water, sugar, organic acid and cation contents of developing grape berries (Vitis vinifera L. 'Grenache noir') under different levels of water supply (with and without deficit irrigation) and leaf:fruit ratios (18, 10 and five leaves per primary shoot, with one bunch per shoot), were investigated over two successive years in Mediterranean conditions (South of France). Fourteen shoots per vine were left for each leaf:fruit ratio level, and each vine was considered as having homogeneous primary shoots. The growth rate of the berries was increased with irrigation. Total dry matter content of the berry was not affected by leaf:fruit ratios, but the sugar loading decreased during berry development with a lower leaf:fruit ratio (five leaves per bunch). Treatments had little effect on organic acid contents and pH. Berry cation accumulation depended on vine water status and not on the total leaf area of the vine. Under irrigated conditions, calcium continued to accumulate in the berries after véraison. This confirms a partial functioning of the berry xylem during the post-véraison period. The seasonal variation in berry composition was less dependent on the leaf:fruit ratio than on the water status of the vine (mainly cations and sugar). This study provides evidence for the importance of plant water status effects on berry composition, irrespective of the leaf:fruit ratio. Vine water status is a major regulating factor for source-sink relationships.
Water scarcity is a global problem, which leads to unprecedented pressure on water supply in arid and semi-arid regions. Treating wastewater is an alternative and valuable water resource, therefore its reuse for agricultural irrigation has been growing worldwide since the beginning of the 21st century. In several regions of the wine-producing countries subject to significant water stress (e.g., Australia, California-USA, Spain), wastewater recycling appears to be the most accessible alternative, both financially and technically, for the agricultural uses that notably not requiring drinking water. Therefore, this research was planned to quantify the contribution of treated wastewater (TWW) to fertilization-needs of the vine, evaluate the impact of irrigation with TWW on the soil, vegetative growth, yield, and wine and grape juice composition. The results provide scientific and technical knowledge on a strategy of water management with high added value. The fertilizer contribution of the TWW would be important, according to the plant's nutrient needs (e.g., in this study 19–39 Unit N, 0.5–1.1 Unit P and 14–28 Unit K ha−1 were supplied with TWW). Ensuring treated wastewater microbiological quality is essential, but without reducing of its nutrients. These nutrients would be a valuable input for crop growth and yield, and could reduce the need to resort for inorganic/synthetic fertilizers. A sustainable use of treated wastewater over the long term would, however, necessitate a good practice guidelines and an integrated vision of treated wastewater quality, crops, irrigation and post-harvest practices.
En las regiones mediterráneas francesas y europeas, el riego por goteo ha sido una de las primeras adaptaciones realizadas por los viticultores frente a las consecuencias del cambio climático (situaciones de sequía cada vez más frecuentes). El agua tiene un valor indiscutible y, en este contexto, numerosas ayudas públicas han financiado varias iniciativas para estudiar la pertinencia técnica, medioambiental y económica de esta solución. La reutilización de aguas residuales depuradas, como fuente alternativa de agua y fertilizante, permite tanto el acceso a una fuente de calidad controlada como a la reducción de conflictos de uso, aplicando el principio de economía circular. Los nutrientes presentes en las aguas residuales municipales depuradas (N, P, K principalmente) constituyen una ventaja particular frente a las fuentes de agua de riego convencionales, por lo que, ocasionalmente, no se requerirían fertilizantes suplementarios. Sin embargo, para el riego con aguas residuales depuradas se tienen en cuenta requisitos medioambientales y sanitarios adicionales. En los casos en los que el contenido en sales disueltas del agua tratada no permite su uso directo, se requerirá de un tratamiento de desalinización parcial por membranas justo antes del tratamiento de desinfección. Este puede ser por electrodiálisis reversible (EDR), nanofiltración (NF) u ósmosis inversa (OI). La etapa de desinfección es necesaria, sea cual sea el proceso de desalinización, para eliminar o inactivar los microorganismos patógenos aún presentes en el agua tratada y garantizar su calidad hasta el punto de utilización. De esta manera, se prevén los riesgos relacionados con el desarrollo de biofilms en la red de distribución y en los sistemas de microrriego. El riego de viñedos con aguas residuales depuradas se practica desde hace décadas en importantes países productores de vino como Australia, Estados Unidos o España. En Francia, su uso es muy reciente, pero la demanda está creciendo gracias, en parte, a los resultados alentadores de proyectos pioneros. La viabilidad técnica y los temas relacionadas con las cuestiones económicas, la aceptabilidad social y las repercusiones medioambientales se presentan a partir de ejemplos de proyectos realizados o que están en fase de creación en el sur de Francia (Región Occitanie).
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