Multicenter standardization study may accelerate the implementation of ALK testing protocols across a country/region. Our data support the use of an appropriately validated IHC assay to screen for ALK+ lung cancers.

Human telomeres play a major role in stabilizing chromosome ends and preventing fusions. Chromosomes bearing a broken end are rescued by the acquisition of a new telomeric cap without any subtelomeric sequences being present at the breakpoint, a process referred to as chromosome healing. Conversely, a loss of telomeric function or integrity can lead to the presence of interstitial telomeres at the junction site in translocations or ring chromosomes. In order to determine the frequency at which interstitial telomeres or chromosome healing events are observed in target chromosome abnormalities, we conducted a retrospective FISH study using pan-telomeric and chromosome-specific subtelomeric probes on archival material from 40 cases of terminal deletions, translocations or ring chromosomes. Of the 19 terminal deletions investigated, 17 were negative for the subtelomeric probe specific to the deleted arm despite being positive for the pan-telomeric probe. These 17 cases were thus considered as having been rescued through chromosome healing, suggesting that this process is frequent in terminal deletions. In addition, as 2 of these cases were inherited from a parent bearing the same deletion, chromosomes healed by this process are thus stable through mitosis and meiosis. Regarding the 13 cases of translocations and 8 ring chromosomes, 4 and 2 cases respectively demonstrated pan-telomeric sequences at the interstitial junction point. Furthermore, 2 cases of translocations and 1 ring chromosome had both interstitial pan-telomeres and subtelomeres, whereas 2 other cases of ring chromosomes and 1 case of translocation only showed interstitial subtelomeres. Therefore, interstitial (sub)telomeric sequences in translocations and ring chromosomes are more common than previously thought, as we found a frequency of 43% in this study. Moreover, our results illustrate the necessity of performing FISH with both subtelomeric and pan-telomeric probes when investigating these rearrangements, as the breakpoints can be either in the distal part of the pan-telomeres, or in between the 2 types of sequences.

No abstract

Biological monitoring of early genotoxic effects in urothelial cells using the urinary micronucleus (MNu) assay is promising for early detection of cancer, such as bladder carcinoma. But many problems are encountered, the major being the poorly differential staining of cells, particularly in women having an important amount of squamous cells. We have optimized the protocol and obtained a differential staining of the cell types present in urine on 10 subjects. Following Carnoy I fixation and Papanicolaou staining, urothelial cells were blue while most squamous cells were pink. This differential staining allowed for optimization of the MNu assay on a single urine void, for both females and males. Even if our MNu means were comparable to the literature, the great variation in reported MNu results could reside in the ability of scorers to distinguish correctly between urothelial and squamous cells. When monitoring exposed populations, this erroneous distinction could largely influence the results, even more in women's urine samples. Given a situation where exposure would not increase micronuclei frequency in vaginal squamous cells, their erroneous analysis in the MNu assay could mask an early genotoxic effect. Therefore, as transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder originates from transformed urothelial cells, restricting micronuclei analysis to urothelial cells could yield a more precise estimate of cancer risk in exposed populations. Moreover, it is hoped that the improvements proposed in this paper will allow for an easier implementation of the MNu assay in various set-ups and enhance its specificity, since MNu are considered a suitable biomarker.