This study aimed to evaluate the adequacy of seven non-linear models (France, Orskov and McDonald, Gompertz, exponential, logistic, two-pool exponential and two-pool logistic) in the adjustment of the curve and in the generation of parameters of cumulative gas production from five tropical feedstuffs (rice hulls, sugarcane, cassava chips, turnip by-product, and peach-palm by-product) used in ruminant nutrition. To this end, the feedstuffs were incubated in vitro in graduated glass syringes together with a buffer inoculum solution, in triplicate. Gas production was read at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 36, 48, 52, 54, 56, 60 and 72 h of incubation. The data were used to generate the parameters of each model using the SAS statistical package. After the parameters were generated, the gas volume values were obtained at the aforementioned times, for each model, and these were compared with the values observed at incubation by using Model Evaluation System (MES) software. For the comparison, regression parameters were tested using Mayer’s test, in addition to the evaluation of the mean bias (MS), concordance correlation coefficient (CCC), and mean squared prediction error (MSPE). The France, Logistic, and Gompertz models, for rice hulls, and the Orskov and McDonald model, for cassava chips, were significant (P < 0.1) according to Mayer’s test, indicating lack of fit of the model. Besides presenting the lowest MSPE, the models that showed fit according to Mayer’s test were the two-pool logistic for rice hulls and cassava chips, and the two-pool exponential for sugarcane, turnip, and peach palm. Thus, the non-linear two-pool models are the most efficient in adjusting to the curve and in the generation of parameters of cumulative production of gases from the tested feedstuffs.

The objective of this study was to evaluate intake and apparent digestibility of agro-industrial by-product of peach palm in diets for lambs. Twenty castrated, crossbred Santa Ines lambs, with average age of 150 days and body weight of 22.4 ± 3.4 kg, were distributed in a completely randomized design with four experimental diets composed of the following: fresh by-product of peach palm enriched with urea + ammonia sulfate (FU); fresh peach palm by-product + concentrate (FP); silage of peach palm by-product + concentrate (SP); and silage of peach palm by-product enriched with 15% of cornmeal + concentrate (SPC). Intake was recorded daily, and the digestibility coefficients were estimated with the internal marker indigestible acid detergent fiber (iADF). Diet FU resulted in the lowest intake and digestibility of the nutrients evaluated. Animals receiving diet FP showed higher intakes of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), total digestible nutrients (TDN), and digestible energy (DE) in relation to animals fed diets SP and SPC. Diets SP and SPC showed higher coefficients of digestibility of DM, OM, CP, and NDF than diet FP. Diet SP reduced the intakes of DM, OM, ether extract (EE), non-fibrous carbohydrate (NFC), TDN, and DE and the digestibility coefficients of DM, OM, and NFC as compared with diet SPC. Feedlot lambs fed a diet with fresh peach palm by-product + concentrate (diet FP) have higher nutrient intake.

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This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the level of crude glycerin (CG) on in vitro fermentation kinetics (0, 20, 40, 60, and 80 g/kg DM of sugar cane silage), on in vitro neutral detergent fiber (NDF) degradation (0, 30, 60, and 90 g/kg DM of sugar cane silage), and intake and digestibility of nutrients and nitrogen balance (0, 20, 55, 82, and 108 g/kg DM of sugar cane silage) in lambs. The in vitro trials were conducted in a completely randomized design with three repetitions. The in vivo trial was conducted in a Latin square design with five repetitions (5 × 5). For variables in which the F test was considered significant, the statistical interpretation of the effect of CG substitution levels was carried out through regression analyses. Kinetic parameters were not affected by CG inclusion. On in vitro NDF degradation, a significant effect of CG levels was observed on the potentially degradable fraction of NDF, the insoluble potentially degradable fraction of NDF, and the undegradable NDF fraction. The intake and digestibility of nutrients and nitrogen balance were not affected by CG inclusion. The CG levels change in vitro NDF degradability parameters; however, there were no changes in animal intake, digestibility, and nitrogen balance with the inclusion levels used.

This study aimed to evaluate the fecal recovery of the internal markers indigestible dry matter (iDM), indigestible neutral detergent fiber (iNDF), and indigestible acid detergent fiber (iADF) and to compare them as estimators of the fecal dry matter output (FDMO) and digestibility of the dry matter (DM) with values observed in total feces collection in trials with feedlot sheep. For this, 82 sampling units from two experiments were evaluated. Internal markers were quantified in the feed supplied, orts, and feces. The recovery of the markers was determined by the comparison of the amount of marker consumed and excreted. Fecal dry matter output and digestibility were determined based on the amount of marker consumed and on its concentration in the feces through individual collections directly from the rectum of the animals, with values compared with those observed in the total feces collection from orthogonal contrasts. The mean bias, the concordance correlation coefficient, and the mean squared prediction error were also evaluated. For all statistical procedures, the critical level of probability for type-I error was fixed at 0.05. The marker iDM showed complete fecal recovery (100.03%) and was efficient in estimating FDMO (482.9 g day -1 ) and DM digestibility (542 g kg -1 ) as compared with the values observed in the total feces collection (454.7 g day -1 and 561 g kg -1 for FDMO and DM digestibility, respectively). The iNDF and iADF markers did not show complete recovery in the feces and were not effective in the estimate of FDMO and DM digestibility. Key words: Fecal excretion. Indigestible components. Methodology. ResumoO objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a recuperação fecal dos marcadores internos matéria seca indigestível (MSi), fibra em detergente neutro indigestível (FDNi) e fibra em detergente ácido indigestível (FDAi) e compará-los como estimadores da excreção fecal de matéria seca (EFMS) e digestibilidade da matéria seca com os valores observados na coleta total de fezes em ensaios com ovinos confinados.

The objective was to evaluate the parameters of kinetics of ruminal fermentation of cocoa husks (CH) treated with alkali and thermal agents, using the semi-automated in vitro gas production technique. Cocoa husks samples were subjected to alkali and thermal methods (effect of time of exposure) treatment, as follows: control; alkaline treatment with calcium hydroxide ((Ca(OH) 2 ) and calcium oxide (CaO), both doses of 15.0; 30.0 and 45.0 g kg -1 of CH; heat treatment in an autoclave at a pressure of 1.23 kg cm -2 (15 psi) and a temperature of 123°C for 30, 60 and 90 minutes. For statistical analysis, orthogonal contrasts and regression. The degradation rate and the final volume of gases of non-fiber carbohydrates decreased with the addition of Ca(OH) 2 and CaO, however, for fibrous carbohydrates effects were positive. For each percentage of Ca(OH) 2 and CaO included, it is estimated an increase of 5.74 and 2.9% in the final volume of the fiber, respectively. When the heat treatment, a decrease in all parameters was estimated. For each minute of exposure to heat, there was a decrease of 0.4% in total final volume of gases. The alkali treatment can be an efficient alternative for improving the digestibility of fibrous fractions of CH. Key words: Alternative feed, chemical treatment, residue, ruminants ResumoObjetivou-se avaliar os parâmetros da cinética de fermentação ruminal da casca de cacau (CC) tratada com agentes alcalinos e térmicos, utilizando a técnica in vitro semi-automática de produção de gases. Amostras da CC foram submetidas aos métodos de tratamento alcalino e térmico (efeito do tempo de exposição), assim distribuídos: controle; tratamento alcalino com hidróxido de cálcio (Ca(OH) 2 ) e óxido de cálcio (CaO) com pressão de 1,23 kg cm -2 (15 psi) e temperatura de 123º C durante 30, 60 e 90 minutos. Para análise estatística, foram utilizados contrastes ortogonais e regressão. A taxa de degradação e o volume final dos gases dos carboidratos não fibrosos decresceram com a inclusão de Ca(OH) 2 e CaO, entretanto, para os carboidratos fibrosos os efeitos foram positivos. Para cada percentual de Ca(OH) 2 e CaO incluídos, estima-se um acréscimo de 5,74 e 2,9 % no volume final dos carboidratos fibrosos respectivamente. Quanto ao tratamento térmico, houve decréscimo em todos os parâmetros estimados. Para cada minuto de exposição ao calor, houve diminuição de 0,4% no volume final total dos gases. O tratamento alcalino pode ser uma alternativa eficaz para a melhoria da digestibilidade das frações fibrosas da CC.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of supplying the by-product of peach-palm (Bactris gasipaes) on performance and characteristics of carcass and non-carcass components of feedlot lambs. Twenty Santa Ines lambs of 150 days average age and 22.4 ± 3.4 kg body weight were confined in individual pens. A completely randomized design was utilized with four experimental diets composed of: fresh peach-palm by-product enriched with urea, fresh peach-palm by-product + concentrate, silage of peach-palm by-product + concentrate, and silage of peach-palm by-product enriched with 15 % corn meal + concentrate. Intake was evaluated daily, and at the end of 42 days of experiments, lambs were slaughtered and the characteristics of carcass and non-carcass parts were evaluated. Performance and carcass characteristics showed differences between the animals' intake of total mixed rations (TMR) and only the diet with roughage. For the lambs that intaked TMR, the form of utilization of roughage (fresh or as silage) affected animal performance but did not change the carcass characteristics. Dry matter intake and feed conversion were influenced by the form of utilization of the silage (with and without additive). Providing fresh by-product plus concentrate improves lamb performance but does not interfere in the carcass characteristics, compared with the use of by-product in the form of silage.

ResumoObjetivou-se avaliar a substituição do milho pela silagem de jaca sobre o consumo, coeficiente de digestibilidade aparente e desempenho em dietas para cordeiros confinados. Foram utilizados cordeiros mestiços Santa Inês, machos castrados, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Os níveis de substituição foram 0, 333, 666, 1000 g kg -1 na matéria seca (MS) do milho como componente do concentrado. Os consumos de MS, proteína bruta (PB) (g dia -1 ), e fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) em g kg -1 e g kg -1 peso corporal (PC), aumentaram linearmente com a substituição. Os consumos de matéria orgânica (MO), extrato etéreo (EE), carboidratos totais (CT) e carboidratos não fibrosos (CNF) diminuíram linearmente, enquanto para nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT) apresentou comportamento quadrático com a substituição. Os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente da MO, CT e CNF diminuíram linearmente com a substituição, enquanto o coeficiente de digestibilidade da PB e NDT apresentaram comportamento quadrático em função dos níveis de substituição. O PC final e o ganho médio diário diminuíram linearmente com a substituição do milho pela silagem de jaca. A silagem de jaca pode ser utilizada em substituição ao milho nas dietas dos cordeiros e seu uso fica dependente de fatores econômicos, da disponibilidade da fruta e do propósito de produtividade animal que se deseja alcançar. Palavras-chave: Alimentos alternativos, ruminante, valor nutritivo AbstractThe objective was to evaluate the effects of replacement corn by jackfruit silage on intake, coefficient of apparent digestibility and performance in diets for feedlot confined lambs. Santa Inês crossbred castrated male lambs were used, in the completely randomized design. The replacement levels were 0. 333. 666. 1000 g kg -1 in dry matter (DM) of corn as the concentrate component. The intake DM, crude protein (CP) (g day -1 ), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) in g kg -1 and g kg -1 body weight (BW) increased linearly with replacement. The intake of organic matter (OM), ethereal extract (EE), total carbohydrates (TC) and non-fiber carbohydrates (NFC) decreased linearly, while for total digestible