The labor-market assimilation hypothesis predicts poorer initial labormarket outcomes among immigrants followed by convergence toward the outcomes of the native-born working-age population with time lived in the receiving country. We investigate the applicability of this hypothesis to migrant women's labor-force participation in Europe. We compare labor-force participation rate (LFPR) gaps between migrant and native-born women in nine European countries, and examine how these LFPR gaps change with migrant women's additional years in the receiving country. Consistent with the assimilation hypothesis, the LFPRs of migrant women in the ''old'' migrant-receiving countries of Western Europe begin much lower than for otherwise-comparable native-born women and converge, although not always completely, toward the LFPRs of native-born women with additional years lived in the country. In the ''new'' migrant-receiving countries of Southern Europe, however, the LFPRs of migrant women at all durations of residence are similar to those of native-born women. Additional descriptive evidence of high unemployment and under-employment and of difficulty achieving family work balance among Western European migrant women points toward receiving-country context as a major explanation for these empirical patterns.Résumé L'hypothèse de l'assimilation des immigrés sur le marché du travail prévoit des résultats initiaux médiocres, suivis de résultats qui convergent avec ceux

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Trips longer than 50 mi account for less than one-fortieth of all trips but nearly one-third of all distance traveled within Great Britain. Because of the small proportion of all travel that they form, long-distance trips may not be adequately represented in national databases and models. However, because they account for a substantial proportion of total distance traveled, particularly on motorways and rail, these trips are important for transport policy and have a substantial impact on congestion. Moreover, study of existing data indicates that travelers’ behavior in longdistance journeys differs substantially from that in routine journeys. Not only is the set of available modes different, but the profile of travelers is also substantially different, with income playing an important role in both travel frequency and mode choice. In addition, model responsiveness and values of time vary significantly with journey length. For these reasons, treatment of the specific properties of long-distance travel is essential for appraising the impact of transport policy aimed at this market, such as high-speed rail, highway construction and management policies, and policies directed toward domestic air travel. This paper describes the development of a model to address these policy issues. The specific aim of the modeling work is to provide empirical evidence on the relative importance of mode, destination, and frequency responses for long-distance travel models. The models that have been developed form the basis for a forecasting model that can be used for the appraisal of a wide range of transport policy aimed at long-distance journeys.

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An important factor that affects park-and-ride demand is transfer time. However, conventional park-and-ride demand models treat transfer time as a single value, without considering the time-of-day effect. Since early comers usually occupy spots closer to the entrance, their transfer times are shorter. Hence, there is a relationship between arrival time and transfer time. To analyze this relationship, a microsimulation model is developed. The model simulates the queuing system at the entrance and the pattern that parking spots are occupied in the parking lot over time. As expected, the model output illustrates an increasing relationship between arrival time and transfer time. This relationship has significant implication in mode choice models because it means that the attractiveness of park-and-ride depends on the time of arrival at the park-and-ride lot. This model of park-andride transfer time can potentially improve travel demand forecasting, as well as facilitate the operation and design of park-and-ride facilities.

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