No abstract

Indonesian Lampung Robusta coffee green beans were roasted at eight roasting levels (green bean, early yellow, brown, 1st crack done, very light, light, medium, and dark), followed by grinding and brewing. The physical properties of ground coffee and chemical properties of brewed coffee were analyzed. The resulting data were mapped in order to investigate the critical roasting level. It was observed that major alterations for physicochemical properties of coffee happened after ''first crack'' roasting level (when water activity (Aw) of bean decreased from 0.22 to 0.15). This cracking is defined as popping sound of the bean during roasting. Continuous formation of melanoidins under low Aw (\ 0.15) was followed by slow degradation of chlorogenic acid (5-CQA) and total phenolic compounds. Caffeine was stable during roasting, while antioxidant activity slightly decreased. The ''first crack'' was determined to be the critical roasting level to produce roasted coffee beans containing high concentrations of phenolics.

Our research focused on the antiproliferative effect of low intensity (18 Vpp) and intermediate frequency (100 KHz) electrostatic wave between two capacitive electrodes on breast tumor cells in vitro and in vivo. In vitro study has been conducted by using MCF-7 cell lines treated with external electrostatic for 24, 48, and 72 hours of treatment and the cells number were calculated during treatment by using hemocytometer and presented as Growth Inhibition (GI)% efficacy. For in vivo, we used female mice (Mus musculus) strain C3H as animal model. The mice were injected with either MCF-7 cells, mammary tumor cells from C3H donor, or NaCl 0.9% (placebo) subcutaneously into the axilla area and exposed by external electrostatic in each cage for 12 hours in 2 weeks before necropsied. The adjacent and breast tissue were collected and stained with Hematoxylin-Eosin then analyzed for histopathological profile. In vitro study revealed the number of exposed cells decreased with lower proliferation rate than the non-exposed cells. Moreover, the external electrostatic caused 28-39% growth inhibition efficacy of MCF-7 cells. After 2 weeks of exposure, placebo mice were physically normal, whereas the tumor undergone significant shrinkage of more than 67% in size. Histopathological analysis of the mammary glands indicated infiltration of macrophages into the tumor area through the blood vessel. No abnormality was found in the skin layer and mammary glands of the breast tissue of placebo mice. Here, we present new knowledge of electro-capacitive cancer therapy (ECCT) as a novel treatment modality.

While epidemiologic studies suggest that soy intake early in life may reduce breast cancer risk, there are also concerns that exposure to soy isoflavones during childhood may alter pubertal development and hormonal profiles. Here, we assessed the effect of a high-soy diet on pubertal breast development, sex hormones, and growth in a nonhuman primate model. Pubertal female cynomolgus monkeys were randomized to receive a diet modeled on a typical North American diet with one of two protein sources for ~4.5 years: i) casein/lactalbumin (CL, n=12, as control) or ii) soy protein isolate with a human equivalent dose of 120 mg/day isoflavones (SOY, n=17), which is comparable to approximately four servings of soy foods. Pubertal exposure to the SOY diet did not alter onset of menarche, indicators of growth and pubertal progression, or circulating estradiol and progesterone concentrations. Greater endometrial area was seen in the SOY group on the first of 4 postmenarchal ultrasound measurements (P<0.05). There was a subtle effect of diet on breast differentiation whereby the SOY group showed higher numbers of differentiated large-sized lobular units and a lower proportion with immature ducts following menarche (P<0.05). Numbers of small lobules and terminal end buds and mammary epithelial cell proliferation did not differ by diet. Expression of progesterone receptor was lower in immature lobules of soy-fed animals (P<0.05). Our findings suggest that consumption of soy starting before menarche may result in modest effects consistent with a more differentiated breast phenotype in adulthood.