Purpose: This article examines state of the art or the most recent achievements of Para-diplomacy research in international relations. For this reason, the systematic mapping studies (SMS) and the bibliometric analysis VOS Viewer carried out stared at articles from 1984 to 2020, as comparison bibliographic articles from countries in the Scopus database. Methods: Preliminary analysis was conducted from systematic mapping studies followed by bibliometrics of publication content in the Scopus database. A total of 175 documents met the criteria for inclusion, starting in 1984, and the dominant author from Europe in journal Scopus Q1 and other well-known international journals. The data from the search results are then descriptively analyzed based on the journal-title, author, co-author, year of publication country, affiliation, keywords, journal /publication name. Results: Researchers from American countries were more productive than Europe and fewer in Asia from 1984 to 2021. As far as paper European document quality is concerned, American governments have significantly more author quality than Asian countries. Conclusion: Although fewer Para-diplomacy articles are published by researchers from Asian countries than Europe and America, this is a challenge for Asian researchers. The increase in the number of publications over the last ten years has shown that the turmoil of sub-state actors in Asian countries has begun to consider implementing regional Para-diplomacy. This is due to a strong push for regional progress to open wide-ranging cooperation, either directly or indirectly, with other countries/regions to strengthen the objectives of state sovereignty. Received: 16 June 2021 / Accepted: 20 January 2022 / Published: 5 March 2022
Providing space for sub-state actors’ actions at the micro-regional level is a significant trend in advancing regional integration in ASEAN. Transnational activities have contributed to the trade development and optimization of each country’s local production, a strategic goal, and micro-regions have emerged as critical players in this activity. Regional integration will be localized if sub-state actors play a significant role and engage in smaller regionalism activities, such as in border areas. With the goal of encouraging prosperity and reducing development gaps, especially for people in border areas, this research examined the collaboration of sub-state actors across ASEAN countries as an alternative development paradigm. Alternative research hypotheses applicable in various scientific disciplines were included in this research through a qualitative analysis method and a reflective case study approach. This research focused on the roles and activities of sub-state actors in border areas such as the Riau Islands with Malaysia and Singapore, who could work hard together with other sub-state actor entities through the support of a strong leadership network to take quicker and more efficient actions to overcome various issues. This research strengthens the existing literature by discovering that the collaboration of sub-state actors between countries in the border region has played a big role in encouraging the border community to advance and compete in the international arena, and ASEAN has become an institution encouraging and guaranteeing equal development for people in the border areas.
Konteks studi pemetaan sistematis ini digunakan untuk menyusun area penelitian dan menganalisis literatur sebelumnya dalam HubunganInternasional dengan fokus penelitian di wilayah perbatasan. Hingga tulisan ini dibuat, belum ada pedoman terbaru mengenai studi pemetaan sistematis sejak tahun 2008. Selain itu, ada kebutuhan bagi para peneliti, termasuk pelajar doktoral lainnya, untuk melakukan proses pemetaan sistematis dalam menemukan celah dan kebaruan penelitian di daerah perbatasan. Misalnya, perbatasan daerah di Eropa, Amerika, dan Asia yang masih sering menjadi topik perdebatan. Artikel ini bertujuan mengidentifikasi bagaimana proses pemetaan sistematis dilakukan (termasuk pencarian, pemilihan studi, analisis, dan penyajian data, dll.) dan meningkatkan potensi dalam melakukan proses pemetaan sistematis serta memperbarui pedoman yang sesuai. Pencarian telah dilakukan pada basis data daring Scopus. Studi pemetaan sistematis ini memberikan gambaran umum dan kontribusi kuat untuk mengeksplorasi lebih banyak topik baru di wilayah perbatasan internasional, sehingga, hasil penelitian dapat digunakan sebagai referensi dalam melakukan studi Hubungan Internasional terutama dalam pengembangan topik di wilayah perbatasan. Kata kunci: kawasan perbatasan, hubungan internasional, studi pemetaan.
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