Surface Air Temperature (SAT) is an important weather element affecting the climate and its nature, as it greatly affects the nature of the atmosphere prevailing in the city of Baghdad, as well as the main influence on the pressure systems affecting Iraq and thus the city of Baghdad. In this study, the annual SAT for three aspects of temperatures (mean, maximum, and minimum) for Baghdad city of approved 11 years had studied, analyzed and discussed. The sources of data came from two sources. First, Iraqi Meteorological Organization and Seismology (IMOS), which represented the arithmetic average annually of the SAT, maximum and minimum temperature for the period (2009 – 2019). Second source of data was from Mustansiriyah University, atmospheric sciences department of Atmospheric Sciences - college of Science, the data are supported as monthly average for SAT for Baghdad. Results shown Basrah was high annual of SAT than four selective cities in Iraq. The variation of annual SAT was in the end study period where reach to 7 oC in mean of SAT for Basrah city. The trend of SAT for Baghdad city was positive for Mean and maximum, while negative for minimum case. Mustansiriyah station was high than IMOS station by 2 oC for mean of SAT, and 5 oC for maximum SAT.
The atmospheric constituents generated by the activities of an urban area may affect UV radiation reaching the ground. In this study, two areas were chosen in Baghdad city (Zafaraniyah and Abu Ghraib). Parameters of the pollutants data (Total column NO2 and Total column CO) and UV radiation for specific bands were collected and analyzed for the period of three years (2017-2019) were taken hourly from the European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) for each parameter through the years. The results show that the concentrations of pollutants in Zafaraniyah higher than Abu Ghraib throughout the year, Where total column NO2 reaching to about 9.6 * 10-5 kg m-2 in 2019 for Zafaraniyah and 8.48 * 10-5 kg m-2 for Abu Ghraib. While total column CO reaching to about 45 * 10-4 kg m-2 in 2019 for Zafaraniyah and 43 * 10-4 kg m-2 for Abu Ghraib in the same year. While the values of UV radiation in Abu Ghraib higher value 487.3W/m2 than 443.7 W/m2 Zafaraniyah throughout the year.
Carbon monoxide (CO) is the poisonous gas of a potential health hazard. Since the continuous measurements of this unsafe gas are not available in Iraq, this research is an attempt to study the distribution of columns gas over Iraq. The data which used in this study is Total Column of Carbon Monoxide (TCCO) in unit kilogram per square meter from European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). Data are representative of all Iraqi areas and the surrounding regions. The study area consists of 961 grid points. MATLAB program was used to calculate and plot spatial analysis data. The analyzed data of the southern and the middle parts of Iraq (Baghdad and Basra) were in consistence with the general seasonal cycle of TCCO in the Northern Hemisphere. They exhibit a significant enhancement in winter and spring and small values of TCCO in summer. The typical seasonal TCCO variations over the Rutba station are less noticeable, where there is an obvious decrease in TCCO in all seasons. This remarkable feature suggests that the Mosul and Rutba stations may be blanketed by regional pollution, while Basra area (South Baghdad and Iraq region) may be influenced by TCCO plumes transported either vertically or horizontally, which can be considered industry region or from biomass burning.
The best way to understand the general atmosphere system is to collect and analyze data, identify the variables that occur in the upper and lower classes, and compare them with other values in favor of comparing them to other studies and research. Studies have been conducted in this research by analyzing the wind speed and direction and comparing it with the surface roughness to reach a concept by dividing the regions of Iraq on the basis of the surface roughness that affects the wind speed near the surface. The research aims to know the effect of air flow on the nature of the earth's surface and its effect on the different regions in Iraq. The methods used in the study depend on the hourly rates of surface roughness, wind speed and direction taken from the European-Mediterranean Weather Forecast (ECMWF) for a full year 2016 from 34 stations over Iraq. Results obtained from wind speed analysis and trend data. The highest value of wind speed (6.5 m / s) in the less rough areas (0-50 m) is concentrated in the semi-desert in the southern and western regions of the country (Anbar, Najaf and Smawa) and the lowest wind speed (1.8 m / s) for the rough areas (11- 72 m) in the mountainous regions in the northern part of the state. The importance of the results enables us to know the movement of air in this layer in terms of its weakness or strength according to the nature of the surface of the earth, as it has formed (barren lands, bodies of water, mountainous areas), which can be used in future studies to monitor the movement and speed of winds and to determine the natural properties of the air layer in contact with the surface of the earth. This requires knowledge of the impact of temperature, wind speed and direction in dividing the layers of Iraq on the basis of surface roughness.
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