Complex disasters may occur as a result of a natural disaster combined with an industrial or a technological disaster. These are also called “natural-hazard triggered technological (natech) disasters.” Currently, there is increasing awareness of the hazards of these natech disasters. Natural disasters could trigger a technological disaster including oil spills and the release of hazardous and flammable materials and toxic chemicals, causing cascading events. The impact of the damage on public health and safety could be catastrophic, as it may result in massive loss of life, environmental destruction, and asset and property loss. Moreover, it could cause business disruptions and affect a country’s reputation. This paper describes a case study on the application of disaster risk reduction and management for natech disasters in Cilegon, Indonesia. We introduce the analysis of risk assessment conducted in Cilegon, the preparedness of the Cilegon City government, a contingency plan that has been developed, and the state of disaster preparedness in industrial zones. Natural and technological disaster risks as well as several emergency preparedness efforts are discussed and multiple stakeholders are identified. The paper serves as a foundation for future research to address natech disasters.
This study aims at examining how local communities in City of Cilegon (Banten province in Indonesia) consider 'complex disasters', and clarifying their subjective perceptions. The present research is considered as the first step in our comprehensive research design beyond a specific case study. The nuclear accidents in the Great East Japan Earthquake and the huge flood in Thailand provide lessons that natural disasters can cause catastrophic influences on industries and they generate cascading effects and damages. We define such complicated phenomena as 'complex disasters' in this article. Cilegon is potentially exposed to such complex disasters because it has natural disaster risks (among others, the Krakatau volcano sits adjacent to it, and recalling historical earthquakes and tsunami) and industrial disaster risks (a lot of heavy industry facilities including chemical ones), and these two types of risks can be combined and made reality. A 'model for the communication of risk' developed by Rodriguez et al. (2007) is adopted as an analytical framework in this study. The model predicts involvement of many types of actors and can be considered as an adequate framework for our study. This study mainly focused on one industrial gas facility of Pertamina, a state-owned energy company, and its surrounding community (Lebak Gede village) in Cilegon. The qualitative methodologies were used in this study: One focused group discussion (FGD) and three key informant interviews were implemented by the authors. The participants of the FGD were twelve leaders of the neighborhood associations (locally described as 'RT' and 'RW' in Indonesian acronym) closest to the Pertamina facility (two RW leaders and ten RT leaders). The key informant interviews were separately and additionally conducted with a head of a village, a neighborhood association leader (this leader was different from the FGD participants) and a local forum entity, in order to reinforce observations at the FGD. Our survey observed that
University is one of the institutions that may have to face disaster events. For two decades, there have been a number of disasters that have negatively impacted the university. Resilience is an important concept that has been developed in the field of disaster management. This concept emphasizes on building adaptive capacity through social development, community competences, and strong communication and information systems. Students as a community often stay in campus for their activities such as study, research, and organization activities and are therefore prone to risks and dangers. It is important for students to be prepared in facing possible disasters so as to increase the resilience in the event of a disaster in the university. This research will show the perception of students in facing disaster, and furthermore will develop comprehensive disaster mitigation at the university, not only structural resilience, but also human resource to prepare in facing disasters. The purpose of this study is to describe the preparedness and awareness of the students of the Faculty of Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Faculty of Nursing, and Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Indonesia in facing disasters in an effort to increase disaster resilience in the university. This is a quantitative cross-sectional study performed on 388 respondents. Results show that generally the respondents are resilient enough in facing disasters. It showed from their answers with a percentage > 50%, there are: awareness of potentials for disaster on campus, respondents need to prepare in facing disasters, they got information from valid sources, they have been trained in disaster, appropriate answers regarding to emergency response during disaster, and knowledge regarding nearest health services. However, improvements are still needed for several variables, including disaster preparedness on campus, knowledge of early warning system in campus, ownership of catastrophe insurance, level of preparedness (which is still low at 30.9%), valid information sources, and participation in disaster response training should be increased.
Cilegon City is highly vulnerable to not only industrial disasters but also natural disasters, such as volcanic eruptions, tsunamis and earthquakes, hereafter referred to as complex disasters. This is a descriptive study, which aims to show the contingency plan in place for these complex disasters in Cilegon City. The data is qualitative and was for evacuations were determined, some of them can no longer be used. However, some district offices do not share this latest situation.
Introduction: Mold may affect the Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) in workplace dormitories. This study aims to investigate indoor air factors that affect molds growth in a dormitory of an LNG Company in Indonesia. Several indoor air determinant factors, including relative humidity, general temperature, wet temperature, dry temperature, air velocity, illumination, particulate matter, and carbon dioxide concentration were assessed against the growth of microorganism colonies. Methods: This study was a cross-sectional study using a 2 (two)-stage Andersen sampler based on NIOSH 0800 Bioaerosol Sampling Method for Indoor Air Quality for viable bioaerosol sampling. Bioaerosol samples were collected from 50 indoor, corridor, and outdoor sampling points. The total colony count for bioaerosols (TCC) was then determined (CFU/m3). Ten indoor air quality parameters, i.e., relative humidity, general temperature, wet temperature, dry temperature, air velocity, illumination, particulate matter, and carbon dioxide concentration, were measured. Results: The average mold colony concentration in the dormitory rooms was higher (703.1 CFU/m3) than the maximum standard issued by the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia (< 700 CFU/m3) while the relative humidity was very high (84.4% RH on average), with a direct relation between the humidity and the mold colony concentration. A significant correlation was also identified between mold colony concentration, wet temperature, and CO2 concentration. Conclusion: Significant correlations between bioaerosols, relative humidity, wet temperature, and indoor CO2 concentration indicate insufficient ventilation and poor indoor air quality in the dormitory.
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