AD caregivers showed a higher burden level than VaD caregivers, and this appeared to be associated with sex and length of time care.

The integrated treatment of RTP with CS in AD patients for 6 months improved significantly cognition, depressive and neuropsychiatric symptoms, functional status, and mortality risk in comparison with a group of AD patients receiving only RTP.

Background: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) may be a vascular disorder with neurodegenerative consequences opening possibility of preventing AD by targeting vascular risk factors including homocysteine. Objective: The study aims were to assess homocysteine distribution in different forms and severity of cognitive impairment (CogI) [mild cognitive impairment (MCI), probable AD (Prob-AD), possible AD (Poss-AD), and vascular dementia (VaD)] and in NoCogI, and to estimate possible association between hyperhomocysteinemia levels with functional deficit severity and psychobehavioral complications. Methods: In total, 929 (M = 366, F = 563; mean age of 72.55±6.24 years) patients were evaluated with cognitive, neuropsychiatric, affective, and functional assessment scales. Homocysteine serum was set on two levels: between 0 and 10μmol/L and >  10μmol/L. For each patient, blood concentration of folate, vitamin B12, hemoglobin, C-reactive protein (CRP), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), cholesterol, triglycerides, and glycemia were measured. Results: CogI patients demonstrated significantly a higher frequency of homocysteine >  10 (p = 0.003), than NoCogI patients. Patients with moderate and severe dementia had a higher frequency of homocysteine >  10 (p <  0.0001), than MCI and mild dementia. Poss-AD and VaD had a higher frequency of homocysteine >  10 (p = 0.003), than Prob-AD patients. Homocysteine >  10 frequency is directly proportional to increased neuropsychiatric symptom severity (p <  0.0001), and functional impairment severity respectively for ADL (p <  0.0001) and IADL (p <  0.0001). Conclusion: Higher homocysteine level seems to be significantly related to cognitive impairment frequency and severity, possible AD and VaD, neuropsychiatric symptom severity, and functional impairment severity.