This study aims to examine the impact of childbirth education in Turkey on the adaptation to pregnancy process, concerns about birth, rate of vaginal birth, and adaptation to maternity. This quasi-experimental study with control group was conducted from December 2013 to December 2014. The sample size was 132 primiparous pregnant women ( n = 66, n = 66). The average age of the pregnant women in the experimental and control groups was 24.41 ± 3.92 and 23.68 ± 4.19, respectively. The study showed that experimental group participants had lower concerns about birth, higher levels of knowledge, and faster adaptation to pregnancy and postpartum process; they could also give positive feedback about labor pain and action and could start breastfeeding at an earlier stage when compared with those in the control group ( p < .05). Childbirth education classes increase the knowledge of pregnant women and positively contribute in pregnancy, labor, and the postpartum process.

This study was carried out by the Turkish Republic Ministry of Health to determine the prevalence of consanguineous marriage and its correlates with socio-demographic and obstetric risk factors in women in Turkey. The cross-sectional, national-level study was carried out from October to December 2013. The study population was composed of women between the ages of 15 and 65 years living in Turkey. The sample size was calculated as 9290 houses within Turkey's 81 provinces so as to improve the Turkish rural-urban expectations by means of systematic stack sampling according to the Turkish Statistical Institute's address-based vital statistics system. The target sample size was 6364, but only eligible 4913 women, who had been married, were included in the study. The consanguineous marriage frequency in the sample was found to be 18.5%, and of these 57.8% were first cousin marriages. Women living in an extended family and whose education level and first marriage ages were low, and whose perceived economic status was poor, had higher frequencies of consanguineous marriage (p<0.001). Consanguineous marriage frequencies were higher (p<0.001) for women who had spontaneous abortions and stillbirths or who had given birth to infants with a congenital abnormality. In this context, it is important to develop national policies and strategies to prevent consanguineous marriages in Turkey.

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This research aims to evaluate the effects of health literacy (HL) education on Turkish pregnant women's adaptations to pregnancy, self-efficacy, fear of childbirth and HL levels. This was a randomised, controlled trial. The research was carried out in the Marmara region of Turkey between July 2018 and April 2019. This research was conducted with three groups including one control (n = 73) and two intervention (n = 109) groups. One of the intervention groups was given antenatal education (AE) for improving HL (HL-AE) (n = 53), and the other was provided AE (n = 56) only. A Pregnancy Information Form, Prenatal Self-Evaluation Questionnaire, Fear of Childbirth and The Postpartum Period Scale, General Self-Efficacy Scale and Turkey Health Literacy Scale-32 were used for data collection. Results show that adaptation to pregnancy, general self-efficacy and HL levels significantly improved while fear of childbirth decreased in the group that was provided HL-AE intervention group. Additional when the pre-education and post-education scale scores were compared in the AE group, it was found that there was a significant difference in other scale scores, but not for fear of childbirth.

163Riskli Gebeliklerde Prenatal Bağlanma ve Sosyal Destek Ö ÖZ ZE ET T A Am ma aç ç: : Bu çalışma riskli gebelerde prenatal bağlanma ve sosyal destek düzeylerinin belirlenmesi amacıyla yapılan analitik tipte bir araştırmadır. G Ge er re eç ç v ve e Y Yö ön nt te em ml le er r: : Bu araştırmanın evrenini Konya ili Doğumevi Riskli Gebelik Servisinde yatan tüm gebeler, örneklem grubunu ise gönüllü olarak katılmak isteyen, 18 yaşından büyük, psikolojik sorunları olmayan 82 gebe oluşturmuştur. Veriler, araştırmacılar tarafından oluşturulan sosyodemografik soru formu, Çok Boyutlu Algılanan Sosyal Destek Ölçeği [Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS)] ve Prenatal Bağlanma Envanteri [Prenatal Attachment Inventory (PAI)] ile öz bildirime dayalı olarak toplanmıştır. B Bu ul lg gu ul la ar r: : Gebelerin %32,9'u erken doğum tehdidi, %14,6'sı ağrı, %13,4'ü fetal distres, %12,2'si oligohidramniyoz tanısı %26,8'i ise diğer nedenler (gebelik kolestazı, gestasyonel diyabet, hipertansiyon, intrauterin gelişme geriliği, idrar yolu enfeksiyonu, idrarda protein, kanama vs.) ile riskli gebelik servisine kabul edilmiştir. Gebelerin PBE ortalaması 56,76±9,23 (min=34, max=74), ÇBSDÖ ortalaması 55,34±15,96 (min=21, max=84) olarak bulunmuştur. Gebelerin PAI puanları ile ÇBSDÖ puanları arasında pozitif bir ilişki belirlenmiştir (p<0,05). PAI puanları ile MSPSS alt boyut puanları arasında ilişki bulunmamıştır (p>0,05). S So on nu uç ç: : Çalışmamızda gebelerin PAI puan ortalamaları ile ÇBSDÖ puan ortalamaları arasında pozitif bir ilişki bulunmuştur. Ancak bu ilişki yüksek düzeyde değildir. Gebelerin aldığı sosyal destek arttıkça prenatal bağlanmanın artması beklenmektedir. Çünkü gebenin; eşinden, ailesinden ve arkadaşlarından sosyal destek görmesi gebeliğin getirdiği değişikliklere, özellikle riskli durumlara uyum sağlamasını kolaylaşmaktadır. Bu bağlamda doğum öncesi bakımda rol alan ebeler, gebelerin sosyal destek ve prenatal bağlanma durumlarını göz önünde bulundurarak bakımı planlayabilirler.A An na ah h t ta ar r K Ke e l li i m me e l le er r: : Gebelik, yüksek riskli; sosyal destek; ebelik A AB BS S T TR RA AC CT T O Ob bj je ec ct ti iv ve e: : This analytical study was aimed to determine the level of prenatal attachment and social support in risk pregnancies. M Ma at te er ri ia al l a an nd d M Me et th ho od ds s: : The population of this research was formed all women who hospitalized in risk pregnancy department of Maternity Hospital in Konya. The sample group was composed of 82 volunteered pregnant women who was older than 18 years and without psychological problems. The self reported data were collected via socio-demographic questionnaire form created by the researchers, the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) and Prenatal Attachment Inventory (PAI). R Re es su ul lt ts s: : The pregnant women hospitalized at the department of risk pregnancy were diagnosed as preterm labour (32.9%), pain (14.6%), fetal distress (13.4%), the diagnosis oligohydramniosis (12.2%), other reasons (intrahep...

INTRODUCTION Birth is a natural and joyful situation as well as a process that contains surprise situations that do not go well. Caregivers at birth are affected by this process. Especially when faced with difficult births, it can have an intense psychological effect and a perception of traumatic birth can occur. Although there is research about midwives on this subject, there are very few studies about students who are becoming midwives. The aim of this study was to determine the factors that affect the traumatic childbirth perceptions of midwifery and nursing students. METHODS The study was carried out with 480 students of midwifery and nursing. The data were collected by using a Personal Information Form, the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, Self-Efficacy Scale, Traumatic Childbirth Perception Scale, and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. RESULTS The traumatic childbirth perception levels were very low in 7.3% of the participants, low in 26.9%, moderate in 37.9%, high in 21.5% and very high in 6.9%. The regression analysis revealed a significant relationship between traumatic childbirth perceptions and the parameters of satisfaction with the department studied, fear of childbirth, defining childbirth as a difficult and painful process, and history of complicated birth in the family. There was also a significant relationship between traumatic childbirth perceptions and the parameters of trait anxiety and general self-esteem. CONCLUSIONS Traumatic childbirth perceptions increased as the state and trait anxiety levels and self-esteem levels increased, while they decreased as the self-efficacy levels increased.

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Background: Unwanted pregnancy is a serious problem, especially considering its impact on the lives of young people. Currently, emergency contraception (EC) is an effective method to prevent unwanted pregnancies that result in unsafe abortions and harm women's health. It is essential that university students, one of the risk groups for unwanted pregnancies, be familiar with this method. The aim of this study is to determine university students' knowledge of emergency contraception, influencing factors and e-health literacy levels. Methods: The cross-sectional study was conducted on 1003 senior undergraduate students at a public university. Data were collected via a Personal Information Form, Emergency Contraception Test, and e-Health Literacy Scale. For data analysis, descriptive analyses, t-test, ANOVA/Pearson correlation tests were used. Results: The e-HL score mean of students was found to be 25.68 ± 7.0. EC knowledge scores of students were 5.7 ± 2.8 for female students and lower for male students (4.3 ± 2.0). There was a significant difference between the groups in terms of EC knowledge scores in favor of women (p < 0.05). EC knowledge score of those who received reproductive health education was 5.8 ± 3.1, significantly higher than those who did not (p < 0.05). The knowledge score of those whose EC information source was an advisor/lecturer was significantly higher than those receiving information from other sources (p < 0.05). Scores on knowledge of emergency contraception were found to be significantly correlated positively with e-Health literacy scores (p = 0.00). Conclusion: Improved e-health literacy of students can be key to improving their knowledge of emergency contraception.