Recently, methanol has gained increasing attention thanks to the variety of feedstocks suitable for its production and its low environmental impact granting the molecule a key role in future economic roadmaps as in Olah’s development model. Nowadays, fossil sources are not the exclusive sources to produce syngas: biogas is a promising alternative, leading to less severe operating conditions and smaller plant scales. The most widespread kinetic models for methanol synthesis, namely, the Graaf and the Vanden Bussche–Froment models, will be proven not to be fully adequate in characterizing these conditions. A robust refit is shown to outperform predictions from conventional models and follow recent trends in process operations. The refitted Graaf model is more flexible on the operating conditions and feed compositions, removing also some infeasible discontinuities present in conventional models. The final result is a more generalized and accurate Graaf’s model for methanol synthesis on CZA catalysts.

The batch reactor dynamics is used to predict SARS-CoV-2 spreading. The reactor model can phenomenologically explain the virus spreading. The model predicts the peak (day and entity) and the infection extinction. Initial Value Problem for ODE has been solved with an unknown initial condition. Algorithm robustness and convergence have been tested.

The reactor is one of the most important equipment to be designed for optimal process operations. An appropriate reactor modeling leads to an efficient and optimal process conceptual design, simulation, and eventually construction. The key for success in this step is mainly related to kinetics. The present work is centered toward process simulation and aims at comparing three different kinetic models for methanol synthesis. The comparison shows how the refitted Graaf model, presented in a previous study, effectively predicts the performance of modern methanol synthesis loops. To pursue this objective, we simulated in Aspen HYSYS three methanol synthesis technologies (the most popular technologies in modern plants) and compared the results with industrial data. The proposed case study demonstrates that the refitted Graaf model is more accurate in output prediction than the wellestablished original Graaf and Vanden Bussche−Froment models, which are currently considered the industrial benchmark, thus showing how the refitted Graaf model is a potential candidate for future industrial applications.

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