Objective: To evaluate the trends in smoking prevalence in all Brazilian capitals between 2006 and 2017. Methods: This was a study of temporal trends in smoking, based on information from the Telephone-based System for the Surveillance of Risk and Protective Factors for Chronic Diseases. The trends in smoking prevalence were stratified by gender, age, level of education, and capital of residence. We used linear regression analysis with a significance level of 5%. Results: From 2006 to 2017, the overall prevalence of smoking in the Brazilian capitals declined from 19.3% to 13.2% among men and from 12.4% to 7.5% among women (p < 0.05 for both). Despite the overall decline in the prevalence of smoking in all of the capitals, the rate of decline was lower in the more recent years. There was also a reduction in the prevalence of former smoking (22.2% in 2006 to 20.3% in 2017). In contrast, there was an upward trend in the prevalence of former smoking among individuals with a lower level of education (from 27.9% in 2006 to 30.0% in 2017). In 2017, the prevalence of smoking among men was highest in the cities of Curitiba, São Paulo, and Porto Alegre, whereas it was highest among women in the cities of Curitiba, São Paulo, and Florianópolis. Conclusions: There have been improvements in smoking prevalence in Brazil. Annual monitoring of smoking prevalence can assist in the battle against chronic noncommunicable diseases.
RESUMO: Objetivo: Analisar as prevalências dos níveis de colesterol total e frações alterados na população brasileira, segundo dados bioquímicos da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde. Métodos: Estudo descritivo, utilizando dados laboratoriais da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde coletados entre os anos de 2014 e 2015. Foram analisados exames de colesterol total e frações e calculadas prevalências populacionais de valores alterados segundo variáveis sociodemográficas. Consideraram-se os seguintes pontos de corte: colesterol total ≥ 200mg/dL; lipoproteínas de baixa densidade (LDL) ≥ 130mg/dL e lipoproteínas de alta densidade (HDL) < 40mg/dL. Resultados: Aprevalência de colesterol total ≥ 200mg/dL na população foi de 32,7%, mais elevada em mulheres (35,1%). A prevalência de HDL alterado foi de 31,8%, sendo de 42,8% no sexo masculino e 22,0% no feminino. LDL≥ 130mg/dL foi observado em 18,6%, com prevalência mais elevada em mulheres (19,9%). População com idade de 45 anos ou mais e com baixa escolaridade apresentou maiores prevalências de colesterol com alterações. Conclusão: Valores de colesterol total e frações alterados foram frequentes na população brasileira, especialmente entre mulheres, idosos e pessoas de baixa escolaridade. Esses resultados poderão orientar as ações de controle e prevenção, como alimentação saudável, atividade física e tratamento, visando à prevenção de doenças coronarianas.
Cancer is a serious public health issue worldwide. In Brazil, among women, the most common type is breast cancer (29.7%) and cervical cancer is the third most frequent (7.4%). 1 In 2017, there were 16,724 deaths from breast cancer and 6,385 from cervical cancer. 1 They were responsible, respectively, for the losses of 551,306.08 and 59,498.97 million disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). 2 There are also great variations in the magnitude and types of cancer across the different regions of Brazil. 1 Brazil is expected to have 66,280 cases of breast cancer diagnosed per year between 2020 and 2022, corresponding to a rate of 61.6 diagnoses per 100,000 women. The number of new cervical cancer cases expected for the same period would be 16,590, corresponding to a rate of 15.43 per 100,000 women. 1 Cervical and breast cancer incidence, mortality and morbidity may be reduced through effective control strategies. These should include screening programs, health promotion actions, prevention, early diagnosis, treatment, rehabilitation and palliative care, when necessary. 3 The Brazilian National Health System (Sistema Único de Saúde, SUS) guarantees universal free access to mammography examinations and cervical cytological testing, also known as the Papanicolaou test. The Brazilian Ministry of Health recommends screening mammography for women aged 50 to 69, to be done every two years. 4 The screening method for cervical cancer and its precursor lesions is oncotic cytological testing. Screening should start at the age of 25 for women who have already had sexual activity and periodic examinations must continue until they are 64 years old. The first two examinations should be performed at an annual interval and, if both results presented satisfactory samples and were negative for malignancy, subsequent examinations should be performed every three years. 5
Fundamentos: As doenças cardiovasculares são a principal causa de morbimortalidade, altos custos com saúde e perdas econômicas importantes. O escore de Framingham tem sido amplamente utilizado para estratificar o risco dos indivíduos avaliados, identificando aqueles com risco maior para que sejam implementadas medidas de prevenção direcionadas para esse grupo. Objetivo: Estimar o risco cardiovascular em 10 anos da população brasileira adulta. Métodos: Estudo transversal, utilizando dados laboratoriais de uma subamostra da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde. Para calcular o risco cardiovascular, utilizou-se o escore de Framingham, estratificado por sexo. Resultados: A maioria das mulheres (58,4%) apresentou baixo risco cardiovascular, 32,9%, risco médio e 8,7%, risco elevado. Entre homens, 36,5% apresentaram risco cardiovascular baixo, 41,9%, risco médio e 21,6%, risco elevado. O risco aumentou com a idade e foi elevado na população com baixa escolaridade. A proporção dos componentes do modelo de Framingham, por grupos de risco e sexo, mostra que, no risco elevado entre mulheres, os indicadores que mais contribuíram para o risco cardiovascular foram: a pressão arterial sistólica, colesterol total, HDL, diabetes e tabagismo. Entre homens, pressão arterial sistólica, colesterol total, HDL, tabagismo e diabetes. Conclusão: Trata-se do primeiro estudo nacional com dados laboratoriais a estimar o risco de doença cardiovascular em dez anos. Os escores de risco são úteis para subsidiar as práticas de prevenção dessas doenças, considerando o contexto clínico e epidemiológico. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2021; 116(3):423-431) Palavras-chave: Doenças Cardiovasculares; Fatores de Risco; Colesterol; Diabetes Mellitus; Hipertensão; Epidemiologia.
Objective: To analyze the temporal trend of hospital admissions due to Ambulatory Care-Sensitive Conditions (ACSC) in Brazil per sex, region, cause and age group, from 2010 to 2019. Methods: This is an ecological study based on the temporal trend of ACSC rates. Standardized rates were analyzed in a simple linear regression and a generalized linear model (GLM) Gamma. The percentage change was also checked over three periods: 2010–2014, 2015–2019 and 2010–2019. Results: There was a reduction in hospital admission rates between 2010 and 2019 for Brazil: 124.3/10,000 inhab. to 88.2/10,000 inhab. among women (-29.0%) and 119.0/10,000 inhab. to 88.2/10,000 inhab. (-25.9%) among men in all regions. The decrease was more prominent between 2010–2014 (-17.7%) and (-17.8%) than between 2015–2019 (-.2%) and (-5.9%) for females and males, respectively. The milder decline in the period from 2015 to 2019 was more noticeable among age groups 0–4y and 5–19y in all regions. As for the causes, most ICD-10 diseases had a downward trend, the more expressive ones being gastroenteritis (-60%); however, an increase was seen in cerebrovascular diseases among women (11.2%) and men (17.1%), and angina (15% %) and skin infections (56.1%) among men. Conclusion: There was a significant drop in ACSC rates in the period analyzed, especially for age groups 0-4y and 5-19y. The rates had a milder drop from 2015 to 2019, a period of austerity and economic crisis.
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