This study aimed at investigating the thermal and electrochemical behavior of montmorillonite clay-8hydroxyquinoline (8-HQ) film in the absence and presence of aqueous Fe(III) ions. The solid film characterization by means of UV spectroscopy, thermal (TG/DTG and TG-DTA, simultaneous) studies, SEM and optical images, and XRD suggested the formation of the ternary complex type: {Pt/[[Si-O] n [Fe(III)(OH 2) 3 (8-HQ) k ]} 3-n-k , with thermal stability up to 300°C. The electrochemical study was carried out on a platinum electrode modified by mechanical deposition of a thin solid film of the binary composite (SWy-1:8-HQ) from an aqueous suspension. The mechanical stability of the film was followed by performing 80 cyclic voltammograms. The electrochemical behavior of the modified electrode was investigated using cyclic voltammetry (CV) at different ferric ions concentration (C Fe(III)), followed by a study of the effect of the scan rate (v) with a fixed C Fe(III) ions. In the CVs, two independent pairs of current peaks, A/D and C/B, were observed. For Fe(III) ions in solution, log i p versus log v relationship shows a process controlled first by adsorption (pair of peaks A/D) and then by diffusion control (pair of peaks C/B). The current function i p /v 1/2 versus v and i p a /i p c versus v allowed a suggestion of two homogeneous coupled chemical reactions associated with CE and EC mechanisms, respectively, both with fast reversible chemical reactions. The first investigation of a modified electrode showed good sensitivity (S = 25.1 lA/lmol L-1) to low concentrations of ferric ions and detection limit [LOD = (2.4 ± 0.01) lmol L-1 ] and high sensitivity to traces of O 2 , showing that this system has great analytical potentials.
To access the sources of air pollutants is crucial to control atmospheric pollution in urban areas, minimizing human exposure. Particulate matter is a pollutant of great concern making its chemical and morpho-structural characterization of enormous importance. The present work aims at the characterization of atmospheric PM 10 and PM 2.5 . Data of the aerosol mass concentration was correlated by multivariate analysis with water-soluble ion fraction composition accessed by ion chromatography (IC), as well as with meteorological information and air mass backward trajectories. The gravimetric analysis presented average values 3 to 4 times higher than the guide values recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). A morpho-structural analysis by SEM/FEG coupled to EDS was also carried out identifying the coarse fraction elements from minerals and from soil resuspension organic spherical particles that originated from combustion processes as well as Ti, associated with long-distance transportation. In the fine fraction, Zn with origin probably in tires and vehicle brakes was found. These origins were confirmed by the air masses' backward trajectories obtained by the HYSPLIT model (NOAA). This study contributes to a better understanding of the complex composition of the particulate material in the atmosphere of Araraquara City, resulting from the combination of local and long-distance sources, and serves as a basis for the comparison with future studies related to the air quality at this and other regions in Brazil and in the world.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of ionic strength (I) on the potentiometric pH measurement of solutions with high I such as the Acidified Brine of Preserved Hearts of Palm (ABPHP) as it is accurately measured only in dilute solutions where I £ 0.1 mol L-1 as defined by Debye-Hückel's theory. Standard calibrators were developed to evaluate a potassium biphthalate buffer solution (BS4: pH 4.0 at 25 °C) with the variation of I of the medium. In practical application, the objective is the optimization of the potentiometric pH measurements of solutions having high I, for example, ABPHP with an I of 0.98 mol L-1 (1). The choice of this procedure is justified because ABPHP has a naturally high I that is not consistent with Debye-Hückel's theory. This can make pH measurements unreliable. From a public health point of view, the botulism often implicated these preserved vegetables, and the potentiometric pH measurement is the only legal parameter for quality control employed to improve sanitary control actions. The quantitative variables (position and dispersion) were calculated as mean, maximum and minimum values, standard deviation and coefficient of variation. Moreover, the Grubbs’ test was used to identify possible outliers and their homogeneity, thereby demonstrating the linear tendency of the results. Student's t-test and ANOVA with a 95% confidence index were used to verify the variability of the results. The results are promising, since by altering the I of the medium (I > 0.1 mol L-1), there was a change in the pH of the solution. This study is important to ensure a true quality control in the production of preserved hearts of palm.
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