A new regime of runaway discharges has been found in TCABR (Tokamak Chauffage Alfvén Brésilien). This regime is obtained by initiating the discharge with low filling pressure and, after the initial current rise, maintaining a large filling rate. The line density reaches a maximum value around 2 × 10 19 m −3 , during the current ramp-up phase, and then drops by a factor of around four in the quasi-stationary phase of the discharge, when a new regime is achieved. The most distinctive features of this regime, as compared to 'conventional' runaway discharges reported in the literature, are (i) maintenance of the runaway discharge, with the plasma current almost entirely provided by the runaway beam, in a cold background plasma and with strong neutral gas injection; (ii) enhancement of the relaxation instability with strong spikes in the Hα emission and loop voltage correlated with sawtooth relaxation of the line density; and (iii) plasma detachment from the limiter. A simple phenomenological model, based upon straightforward particle and energy balance calculations, is proposed to explain the experimental observations. According to this model, the plasma is rather cold and the short pulses of gas ionization and the related density spikes are due to sudden plasma heating caused by the relaxation instability. Furthermore, it seems that the runaway generation for the conditions of the experiments can be explained only if the secondary generation process is invoked.
Supporting information FTIR data (KBr, cm -1 ) [Eu(TTA) 3 (Bpy-Si)]: 3 431 υ as (NH); 3 090 υ as (CH); 1 627 υ s (C=O); 1 578, 1 520, 1 υ(C=C, C=S); 1 357 υ as (C-F); 682 δ(C-F); 456 υ(Eu-(Bpy-Si)); 1 578 υ(C=C, C=N ring), 1 υ(Si-C); 1 089 υ(Si-O-C); 962 δ(Si-O) and 790 δ(CH ar ). [Ga(TTA) 3 (Bpy-Si)] 3 410 υas(NH); 3 090 υ as (CH); 1 654 υ s (C=O); 1 578, 1 520, 1 υ(C=C, C=S); 1 358 υ as (C-Cl); 680 δ(C-Cl); 456 υ(Gd-L). DRIFT SiO 2 -[Eu(TTA) 3 (Bpy-Si)] and SiO 2meso -[Eu(TTA) 3 (Bpy-Si)]: 2980 ν as (CH 2 ,CH 3 ); 2 ν s (CH 2 ,CH 3 ), 1 629 υ(C=O); 1414 υ(C=C, C=S); 1238-1050 υ(Si-C) , υ(Si-O),υ(Si-O-C); δ(Si-O-Si) and 796 δ(Si-O-C). SiO 2 @[Eu(TTA) 3 (Bpy-Si)]: 2 980 ν as (CH 2 ,CH 3 ); 2 878 ν s (CH 2 ,CH 3 ), 1 640 υ(C=O); 1 υ(C=C + C=S); 1 230-1 050 υ(Si-C), υ(Si-O), υ(Si-O-C); 950 δ(Si-O-Si) and 800 δ(Si-O-C).
Abstract:With the fast growth of cancer research, new analytical methods are needed to measure anticancer drugs. This is usually accomplished by using sophisticated analytical instruments.Biosensors are attractive candidates for measuring anticancer drugs, but currently few biosensors can achieve this goal. In particular, it is challenging to have a general method to monitor various types of anticancer drugs with different structures. In this work, a biosensor was developed to detect anticancer drugs by modifying carbon paste electrodes with glutathione-s-transferase (GST) enzymes. GST is widely studied in the metabolism of xenobiotics and is a major contributing factor in resistance to anticancer drugs. The measurement of anticancer drugs is based on competition between 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB) and the drugs for the GST enzyme in the electrochemical potential at 0.1 V vs Ag/AgCl by square wave voltammetry (SWV) or using a colorimetric method. The sensor shows a detection limit of 8.8 M cisplatin and exhibits relatively long life time in daily measurements.
Wavelet spectrum and bispectrum techniques are applied to study the development of temporal turbulence induced by a confinement toroidal magnetic field in a toroidal magnetoplasma created by radio frequency waves. For low magnetic fields the plasma is roughly uniform and the analyzed electrostatic linear frequency spectra are essentially determined by the driven radio frequencies. However, by increasing the toroidal magnetic field, gradients in the plasma radial profiles and broader frequency spectra are observed. Thus, spectral components with frequencies higher than those injected in the plasma are excited. Moreover, this variation of magnetic field also induces nonlinear phase coupling between low frequency coherent peaks and continuous high frequency spectral components.
We investigate plasma turbulence at the scrape-off layer of TCABR tokamak. We apply a power spectral analysis to the magnetic Mirnov oscillations and electrostatic fluctuations, to quantify statistical properties and to estimate the turbulence-driven radial-particle flux. A distinctive peculiarity is the modulation of electrostatic turbulence by the Mirnov oscillations shown by the partial superposition of the frequency power spectra of these two oscillations. This characteristic allows us to investigate any possible influence of the Mirnov oscillations on particle transport. In fact, a significant part of this transport occurs at the Mirnov frequencies. The effect of this modulation is also analyzed for discharges modified by external perturbations, a DC biased electrode or an ergodic magnetic limiter. : 52.35.Mw, 52.35.Ra, PACS
AimThe objective of this study was to determine the presence of the variants of canine parvovirus (CPV)-2 in the city of Quito, Ecuador, due to the high domestic and street-type canine population, and to identify possible mutations at a genetic level that could be causing structural changes in the virus with a consequent influence on the immune response of the hosts.Materials and MethodsThirty-five stool samples from different puppies with characteristic signs of the disease and positives for CPV through immunochromatography kits were collected from different veterinarian clinics of the city. Polymerase chain reaction and DNA sequencing were used to determine the mutations in residue 426 of the VP2 gene, which determines the variants of CPV-2; in addition, four samples were chosen for complete sequencing of the VP2 gene to identify all possible mutations in the circulating strains in this region of the country.ResultsThe results revealed the presence of the three variants of CPV-2 with a prevalence of 57.1% (20/35) for CPV-2a, 8.5% (3/35) for CPV-2b, and 34.3% (12/35) for CPV-2c. In addition, complete sequencing of the VP2 gene showed amino acid substitutions in residues 87, 101, 139, 219, 297, 300, 305, 322, 324, 375, 386, 426, 440, and 514 of the three Ecuadorian variants when compared with the original CPV-2 sequence.ConclusionThis study describes the detection of CPV variants in the city of Quito, Ecuador. Variants of CPV-2 (2a, 2b, and 2c) have been reported in South America, and there are cases in Ecuador where CVP-2 is affecting even vaccinated puppies.
We use a set of evoked words to define the vertices of a network. The connections between vertices are established by individuals in a population that evoke these words. The resulting graph is called an Evoked Words Network, EWN. The data of evoked words comes from an epidemiological research in odontological public health. In this research we consider three concept themes or evocative words: mouth, disease, and health. We investigate these words in two populations: an upper middle class and a poor district of the city of Natal. We compare and analyze six EWNs. The distribution of connectivities of all of these EWNs indicates a scalefree structure, with the data fitting a power law. The analyzed quantities of the EWNs depend more on the concept theme than on the income of population. This conclusion is discussed in the context of language-based networks.
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