Climate change is a major environmental and socioeconomic challenge in Ethiopia in recent decades. The study site is one of the climate change prone areas affected by climate variability and extreme events. Therefore, a better understanding of area-specific and adaptation is crucial to develop and implement proper adaptation strategies that can alleviate the adverse effects of climate change. Therefore, this work was aimed to identify determinants of farmers' adoption of climate change adaptation strategies in Gondar Zuria District of northwestern Ethiopia. Primary data were collected through semi-structured questionnaires, observation, and interviews. Besides, the secondary data were also obtained from journal articles, reports, governmental offices, and the internet. The Multinomial and Binary logistic regression models with the help of the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) (21 th edition) were used to analyze the data. The multinomial logistic regression model was used to estimate the influence of the socioeconomic characteristics of sample households on the farmer's decision to choose climate change adaptation strategies. The result showed that age, gender, family size, farm income, and farm size had a significant influence on the farmers' choice of climate change adaptation strategies. The result also revealed that crop failure, severe soil erosion and shortages of water are major climate change-related problems than others. In order to alleviate these problems, farmers have implemented mixed farming, mixed cropping, early and late planting (changing sowing period), use of drought-resistant crop varieties, application of soil and water conservation techniques, shifting to non-farm income activities and use of irrigation. In contrast, access to climate information, total annual farm income, and market access variables are significant adoption determinants of climate change adaptation strategies by farmers' in the study site. Therefore, we recommend future adaptationrelated plans should focus on improving climate change information access, improving market access and enhancing research on the use of rainwater harvesting technology.

The study was conducted in Wof-Washa Forest in the central highlands of Ethiopia, aiming at determining the impact of altitude and anthropogenic disturbance on plant species composition, structure, and diversity of the forest. Eighteen transect lines with 632 meters apart from each other were established from top to bottom. A total of 115 main plots for all communities with 20 × 20 m, were established along transect lines from the upper part of the forest to the river's edge. To collect data on seedlings and saplings, 5 m × 5 m and 10 m × 10 m subplots were laid respectively within the main sampling plots. For each plot the plant species were counted, diameter at breast height and height of trees and shrubs were measured. The human disturbance data were visually estimated for each plot in each community. Plant community classification was made following Ethiopia agro-ecological zones. Plant species diversity and richness were found related to human disturbance and altitude. A total of 108 species belonging to 99 genera and 57 families were identified. The results revealed that Asteraceae was the most diverse higher plant family with nine species (8.3%) followed by Fabaceae, Euphorbiaceae, and Rosaceae with six (5.5%) species each. The overall Shannon diversity and evenness index of the forest were 4.02 and 0.86 respectively. Tree/shrub, sapling and seedling densities were 664.4, 757.2 and 805.7 individual's ha −1 respectively. The total basal area of the forest was 55.99 m 2 ha -1 . About 25.7% of the importance values index was contributed by four species, Juniperus procera, Podocarpus falcatus, Ilex mitis, and Erica arborea . The similarity in species composition within the forest was low, indicating that the different parts of the forest had different floras. The presence of strong human disturbance indicates the need for immediate conservation in order to ensure sustainable utilization and management of the forest.

The National Biogas Policy of Ethiopia introduces plans for the implementation of biogas technologies in rural areas. However, rural households' decision to adopt biogas energy technology has been influenced by different socio-economic and institutional factors. This research was therefore undertaken to determine the actual energy consumption status and factors impacting the adoption of biogas technology by rural households in northwestern Ethiopia. Primary data from 182 randomly chosen households and 15 key informants were obtained. Different databases, such as journal articles, annual accounts, and unpublished papers, were used to gather secondary data. The data were analyzed using social science statistical package (SPSS 21st edition) tools using descriptive statistics, chi-square test, and independent-sample t-test. The results indicated that about 84.2% of the households have been using traditional biomass fuels (fuelwood, agricultural crop residue, dung cake, and charcoal) for baking Enjera and heating while the remaining 17.6% of the households have been using biogas energy. The kerosene lamp, battery cell, small size solar panel, and biogas were energy sources for lighting. The higher installation costs, inadequate water availability, shortage of cow dung, and lack of awareness were the main factors that hinder biogas installation in the study site. An independent sample t-test result revealed a statistically significant mean difference of the average time spent (in hours) to collect fuelwood per week between biogas technology adopters (M = 9.563, SD = 4.697) and non-adopters (M = 11.887, SD = 4.703; t (180) = 2.539, p = 0.012). In addition, findings of the binary logistic regression showed that education, access to markets, heads of cattle, and electronic media were the principal factors affecting biogas technology adoption significantly in the study area.

Most rural communities in developing countries, rely heavily on traditional biomass for cooking and lighting. Furthermore, a large area of forest land has been changed to other land-use types like agricultural land is becoming a serious problem in Wondo Genet district. This situation largely contributed to deforestation and forest degradation. Hence, assessing the efficiency of adopting an alternative source of energy was found to be very important. This study was carried out to examine the role of biogas technology in fuelwood saving and carbon emission reduction in Wondo Genet district, southern Ethiopia. The multi-stage sampling procedure was followed to select sample households. A total of 152 households (54 adopters and 98 non-adopters) were involved in the household survey. Moreover, 25 test subjects were taken randomly from both adoption categories to conduct Kitchen Performance Test. Descriptive statistics and independent-sample t-test were used to analyze the data. Results showed that the major fuel sources for domestic use were plantation forest, natural forest, crop residue, and animal dung, accounting 46.71 %, 30.92 %, 15.13 %, and 7.24 %, respectively. Among the 54 sampled biogas plants, 32 (59.26 %) were a digester size of 6 m 3 whereas the remaining 22 (40.74 %) were of 8 m 3 . The annual fuelwood saving potential of the technology was found to be 1423.06 kg with an emission reduction potential of 2.1 tons of CO 2 e per biogas plant annually. Accordingly, all functional biogas plants were estimated to reduce about 91.63 tons of carbon emission annually. Generally, the biogas was found to be a promising technology in combating the pressure on forest resources and mitigating climate change. Therefore, the energy sector of the country should encourage households to adopt biogas plants that have more than 8 m 3 digester size to improve the fuelwood and carbon emission reduction potential.

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In Ethiopia, camel and shoat production are common pastoralism practices in three major pastoralist regions of Afar, Somali, and Borena. This review was aimed to indicate the recent trend and future prospect of camel and small ruminant production and the possible modifiers and the pros and cons of the practices in the pastoral area of Ethiopia. Data were organized and estimated from different researches conducted in each year. Data were organized in terms of the number of camel and shoat per household each year (2010-2020) and analyzed using trend and forecasting analysis model by SPSS software. There is an increment camel Tropical Livestock Unit (TLU) per household from 2.78, 13 and 9 to 37, 28, 28 between the year 2010-+2020 in Borena, Afar and Somali respectively and will increase to 45, 45, 35 by 2030 respectively. In the whole pastoralist regions, the number of camel TLU per household increases from 2.8 to 31 between the year, 2010-2020 and will increase to 50 TLU per household by 2030, while the number of goat and sheep increase from 1.4 and 0.91 TLU per household to 2.45 and 2.46 respectively between the year 2010-2020 and the predicted model indicate increase to 2 and 3.4 TLU per household by 2030. Climate change or drought and adaptation responses are the major drivers. Climate change coping and livelihood income improvements are the pros of the trend, while the reduction of cattle population and impact on the conservation of valuable indigenous cattle are the cons of the practices.

In Ethiopia, camel and shoat production are common pastoralism practices in three major pastoralist regions of Afar, Somali, and Borena. This review was aimed to indicate the recent trend and future prospect of camel and small ruminant production and the possible modifiers and the pros and cons of the practices in the pastoral area of Ethiopia. The data was collected from different researches conducted each year. The data was also organized in terms of the number of camel and shoat per household each year (2010-2020) and analyzed using trend and forecasting analysis model by SPSS software. There has been an increment of camel Tropical Livestock Unit (TLU) per household from 2.78, 13 and 9 to 37, 28, and 28 between the years 2010-2020 in Borena, Afar and Somali respectively and will increase to 45, 45, and 35 by 2030, respectively. In the whole pastoralist regions, the number of camels TLU per household has increased from 2.8 to 31 between the years 2010-2020 and will increase to 50 TLU per household by 2030. Moreover, the number of goats and sheep has increased from 1.4 and 0.91 TLU per household to 2.45 and 2.46, respectively between the years 2010-2020 and the predicted model indicates that it will increase to 2 and 3.4 TLU per household by 2030. Climate change, drought and adaptation responses were the major drivers. Climate change coping and livelihood income improvements were the pros of the trend, while the reduction of cattle population and impact on the conservation of valuable indigenous cattle were the cons of the practice.