The traditional way of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) propagation is time consuming and allows disease transmission from generation to generation. Moreover, it is difficult to improve this crop through conventional plant breeding methods. Therefore, the objective of this study was to develop efficient in vitro regeneration protocol for 'Canonannon' and 'Chenin Blanc' varieties of grapevine using leaf explants. MS medium supplemented with different concentrations of thidiazuron (TDZ) alone or in combination with α-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), and 6-benzyl aminopurine (BAP) alone or in combination with indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) were used for regeneration of shoots from leaves. The regenerated shoots were transferred to shoot multiplication medium and subsequently to rooting medium and the plantlets were acclimatized after rooting. The rooting medium consisted of MS medium containing different concentrations of IBA or indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). The highest number of shoots per leaf explant was obtained from both 'Chenin Blanc' (2.3 ± 0.3) and 'Canonannon' (2.2 ± 0.2) on medium supplemented with 2.0 mg/L BAP. Among 16 different combinations of TDZ and NAA, the maximum number of shoots per explant (1.5 ± 0.2) was obtained from 'Canonannon' on medium containing 1.0 mg/L TDZ and 0.1 mg/L NAA. However, when these shoots were transferred to shoot multiplication medium, 10 ± 0.51 shoots per explant were obtained from 'Chenin blanc' on MS medium supplemented with 2.0 mg/L BAP. The highest number of roots per explant (8.3 ± 0.30) was obtained on medium containing 2.0 mg/L IBA. The survival rate of 'Chenin Blanc' and 'Canonannon' was 83.3 and 75 %, respectively after one month of acclimatization.

Grape (Vitis vinifera L.) is globally cultivated as commercial fruit crop usually used for fruit purpose or industrial product. The objective of the current review is to review and identify the research gap on the effect of different growth media and vitrification on shooting and rooting performance of grape. Factors affecting rooting of grape cuttings can be internal or external factors. Currently, grapevines are very sensitive to disease in the conventional method of propagation. Even if tissue culture is recommended for healthy propagation of the grape varieties, still factors affecting the growth of the plant verifications were reported. This, review paper progressively revised for the existing factors and possible solutions during in vitro propagation of grapevines. Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. Tech. 10(1): 1-5, June 2020

Establishment of efficient protocol for high-frequency of indirect regeneration of plantlets has a vital role in the analysis of genetic material in mass propagated plants. The optimal levels of growth regulators and light conditions were investigated on callus induction and organogenesis of cultured grapevine from in vitro tissues. Maximum calluses and shoots were produced by using medium supplemented with four different growth regulators as alone or in combinations. An observation of maximum calluses (51%) were recorded when 0.5 mg/l thidiazuron (TDZ), was combined with 0.5 mg/l indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) for Chenin blanc cv. Produced calluses were observed with different size and nearly similar colors. In this experiment, shoot initiation was observed in dark condition. The light condition did not induce the shoot on the same dark treatment. Different concentrations of 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) and TDZ tested alone were not induced at any shoots from callus, but recallusing the explant. Thus, shoot induction was observed when different concentration of BAP and TDZ were combined with auxins. The calluses produced from leaf did not produce high percentages of shoots. Further studies are needed to optimize the maximum percentage of somatic embryogenesis.

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Introductory: This study was undertaken to assess the on-farm genetic diversity of wheat Landraces ( Triticum aestivum spp ) in Digalu and Tijo District. Methods: For this study, three farmer households kebeles were selected by cluster sampling (area sampling) method because they are found in the most dominant wheat landraces growing agro-ecological areas. Data for this study was collected using questionnaires, field observation, interviews, focus group discussion, and document analysis. Results and Discussions: In total, 27 wheat landraces were reported to be grown before two decades to the present day. Of these, only 9 of wheat landraces are still cultivated by farmers. Among these, 'Qamadi guracha' is the most common growing landraces in the study area. The Shannon diversity index (H′) of growing wheat landraces ranges from 1.09 to 1.37 among the groups. The estimated genetic erosion for wheat landraces was found to be 66.7% due to the major factors: improved wheat varieties; the introduction of other more productive crops and wheat landraces low productivity. Conclusions: Food quality, Pests (example, birds), diseases resistance, market value, and straw quality were factors that initiated the farmers to maintain the genetic diversity of landraces on their farmlands. However, the preservation of wheat landraces are influenced by bottlenecks like the seed selection system, and insufficient crop yield. Recommendation: Regeneration of soil fertility, restoring of lost landraces, improvement of landraces, on-farm conservation by re-sowing, saving of seeds for future, and ex-situ conservation is suggested for the restoration of wheat landraces diversity in Digalu and Tijo District.

Food grains may be attacked by fungi in the field which can then develop rapidly during storage when conditions are suitable which result in losses in both quantity and quality in addition to decreasing nutritional value and mycotoxin production. Of the world’s grain harvest, lost during storage by microorganisms including insects, mites, and rodents is higher especially in developing countries. A study to assess fungal spoilage and contamination of two stored food grains of maize and wheat and its economic impact on the livelihood community were carried out in six localities, vis., Bako, Ejaji, Cheliya, Toke Kutaye, Ginde Beret and Holeta. A total of 120 samples (60maize and 60wheat) were collected using purposive and stratified random sampling. Isolation of fungi from collected food grains were done using dry inspection and incubation test (agar plate method) and identification was done based on cultural characteristics and microscopic features. Results of the current study indicated that the mean fungal contamination of the food grains had the highest levels of infection and contamination. Maize was infected by more than 11 different genera of 831 different fungi while the wheat seeds were also infected by 8 genera of 768 different molds. Across the study sites, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium and Alternaria were the most predominant fungal genera identified among the study sites. There was more mycotoxin producing fungal genera isolated from those samples of both maize and wheat with high level of contamination. Mycotoxin levels increased with storage time such that maize and wheat samples stored for more than six months may exceed the levels greater than the FDA/WHO regulatory limits. Hence, indicating that maize and wheat consumers in the study area are exposed to the danger of mycotoxin poisoning. Thus, there is the need for policy makers to establish and enforce food grain quality standards and regulations related to molds and mycotoxins across the country and specifically among study area to minimize health hazards related to consumption of contaminated foods.