RESUMENLa condensación de agua es una técnica que puede aprovecharse para mitigar la escasez de agua para consumo humano. Sin embargo, es necesario garantizar que tenga la calidad suficiente para utilizarse sin comprometer la salud del consumidor. En este trabajo se cuantificaron los elementos traza como As, Ba, Cu, Cd, Cr, Fe, Hg, Mn, Pb y Zn, el potencial hidrógeno (pH) y la conductividad eléctrica (CE), en el agua condensada de la atmósfera en tres localidades de México. El agua se condensó con un prototipo que induce el punto de rocío a partir de la humedad atmosférica. Se obtuvieron un total de 108 muestras en los tres sitios de estudio, en dos épocas del año (lluvias y secas) y en dos turnos (diurno y nocturno). Los metales pesados se analizaron con un espectrofotómetro de plasma acoplado inductivamente (ICP-MS, por sus siglas en ingles). El pH y la CE se midieron con un potenciómetro/conductímetro. Se encontraron Pb, Fe y Cd en 91.66%, 58.33% y 33% de las muestras, respectivamente, en concentraciones que superan la norma de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) para agua destinada a consumo humano. El pH y la CE están dentro de los límites establecidos por el Departamento de Asuntos del Agua de Namibia. El contenido de metales traza en el agua condensada de la atmósfera cumple con los límites permisibles señalados por la OMS para la mayoría de los elementos analizados en este trabajo. ABSTRACTThe condensation of water vapor is a very useful technique in mitigating the scarcity of water resources for human consumption; however, the quality of this water must meet the highest standards to avoid becoming a health hazard. The present study quantifies trace elements such as As, Ba, Cu, Cd, Cr, Fe, Hg, Mn, Pb, and Zn, as well as pH and electrical conductivity (EC), in condensed atmospheric water vapor at three localities in Mexico. Atmospheric water vapor was condensed with an atmospheric water generator prototype. A total of 108 samples were obtained from three survey sites over the course of two seasons (wet and dry) during day/night shifts. The concentration of heavy metals was analyzed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The pH and EC parameters were measured with a potentiometer/conductometer. We found Pb, Fe, and Cd in 91.66, 58.33, and 33% of the samples, respectively, at concentrations exceeding those permitted by the World Health Organization (WHO) for water intended for human consumption. Both pH and EC were within the limits established by the Department of Water Affairs of Namibia. The concentrations of trace metals in condensed atmospheric water vapor samples were within the maximum permissible limits determined by WHO for most elements analyzed in this study.
Appropriate irrigation water management has attracted considerable attention because it is crucial to guarantee water and food security worldwide. This study aims to solve a water usage optimization problem for asparagus farming using the Deficit Irrigation Toolbox (DIT) optimization tool and AquaCrop‐OS model. Seven irrigation strategies were planned to assess the yield response of asparagus spears in the region near Caborca, Sonora, Mexico. Three of them were defined according to the usual practices of conventional irrigation, and the other four involved the optimization approach. Crop water productivity responses to 750, 1000, 1250 and 1500 mm of supplied water for the crop growing season were generated and assessed for each strategy. Using the irrigation optimization strategy, which involved a defined decision table using the covariance matrix adaptation evolutionary strategy, resulted in increased water productivity, making it the best solution to the optimization problem. A spear yield of 11.3–12.1 t ha−1 was obtained using an irrigation depth of 1200 mm, thus resulting in a reduced irrigation depth of 580–615 mm (>30%) for the 2019 growing season and 130–165 mm (±10%) for the 2020 growing season. The novelty of the study is that by formulating a dynamic optimization problem using the AquaCrop‐OS model and DIT, it is demonstrated that the water currently used for irrigation of asparagus crops can be reduced by up to 30%.
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