SummaryTitle ofthe paper: Effect of intensive group condition and sex on the oral stereotypes and some behaviour traits in fattening lambs Oral stereotypes are a kind ofthe forms of behavioural abnormalities and many husbandry factors can cause the development of such behaviours in almost all domestic species. In this study, effects of housing based on group condition and also sex differences on the development of oral stereotypes were investigated in fattening lambs Ten male and ten female Turkgeldi synthetic breed of lambs were used. Animals were assigned to sex groups at u e ,; e ?'n n,ng ° StUdy and h°USed '" pens that consisted of metal feed through and water buckets on a straw bedded floor during the experiment. Behavioural observations were taken by two observer and time sampling technique was-used. Activities such as biting, licking and chewing of through, water bücket and also bars of pen were recorded as oral stereotypes. Generally, it was indicated that intensive group condition in fattening lamb. causes the development of behavioural abnormalities related to nutritional origin. Activities towards the bedding material, standing, lying and wool chewing behaviours were significantly affected by sex. The male lambs showed more activities in standing and wool licking and wool chewing behaviours than the females while the lying and activity towards the bedding material observed more frequently in the female group. This finding indicated that general activity was high in the male lambs. There was no significant sex effect on the total oral stereotypes. It was concluded that lack of structural materials have an important role in the development of oral stereotypes. In addition some stressful conditions that caused by group housing may also resulted in the development of such abnormalities especially for the male lambs.
Abstract. Title of the paper: Progress of aggressive pecks and several behavioral traits in rank-order-instable cage groups in laying hens (short communication) Higher animals establish a rank-order, which provides advantages to the social life of these animals. The rank-order moderates aggression and decreases stress-based frustration. Laying hens kept in cages are normally replaced with new ones after they die. This results in conflict in the rank-order of the animals, particularly in adult hens depending on breed and line and, as a result, causes violation among animals. This is a stress situation, which can negatively affect welfare of the animals. In this study, the effect of instable rank-order on aggressive pecking and some behavioral traits was investigated in laying hens. Fourty eight white Lohmann LSL laying hens were used as animal material. The stocking rate was 4 laying hens in all cages, except for six cages in which a stable rank-order was formed with animals who came from different cages. The behavioral traits of aggressive pecking, feeding, drinking, feather pecking, cage pecking, standing and recumbency were monitored. A significant difference in aggressive pecking was found between stable rank-order and instable rank-order groups. The laying hens in instable-rank-order group showed more frequently aggressive pecking than those in rank-order-stable group. However, the progress of aggressive pecking during the experimental period indicated an elevation of aggressive pecking in both of the groups. The reason for increased aggressive pecking in the rank-order-stable group was thought to be due to the threatening with noise of the animals in the rank-order-instable group. Feather pecking was significantly higher in the instable rank-order group than in the stable rank-order group, indicating the frustration of the hens in the former group. Feather pecking is normally defined as a comfort behavior, but is not observed in every situation. This behavior could be classified as a "sparking over activity".
The demand for blood products increases day by day due to the developments in animal transfusion medicine. Therefore, new strategies are developed to create adequate sources. It was observed that animal owners who came to our small animal blood bank are generally wary of the voluntary donor program, and both theoretical and practical information about transfusion medicine are requested by the veterinarians. In the present study, the knowledge and perspectives of the veterinarians on animal blood banking and blood transfusion have been surveyed by a questionnaire. The awareness of the veterinarians and the pet owners has been raised by means of meetings and brochures. Additionally the donor potential of the pets, which were brought to the clinics, has been investigated; and the ratios were 52 % and 45 % for the dogs and cats, respectively. The blood typing has been performed for the animals, which are suitable for blood donation, and a "living" blood bank has been developed.
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