The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of protocols equalized by the time under tension (TUT) but composed of different repetition durations and repetitions numbers on muscle activation and blood lactate concentration. Twenty-two males with previous experience in resistance training performed 2 training protocols (A and B) with the Smith machine bench press exercise, both with 3 sets, 3 minutes' rest, and 60% of 1 repetition maximum (1RM). Protocol A consisted of 6 repetitions with a 6-second repetition duration for each repetition, whereas in Protocol B the subjects performed 12 repetitions with a 3-second repetition duration for each repetition. Muscular activation was measured in the anterior deltoid, pectoralis major, and triceps brachii muscles while performing the 2 protocols, and the normalized root mean square of the electromyographic signal (EMGRMS) was calculated for each set. Blood lactate concentrations were measured during and until 12 minutes after the completion of each protocol. The results showed that the EMGRMS of all muscles increased during the sets and was higher in Protocol B when compared with Protocol A. Likewise, blood lactate concentrations also increased throughout the sets and were higher in Protocol B both during and after the completion of each training session. The data obtained in this study show that training protocols conducted with the same TUT, but with different configurations, produce distinct neuromuscular and metabolic responses so that performing higher repetition numbers with shorter repetition durations might be a more appropriate strategy to increase muscle activation and blood lactate concentration.

The aim of the present study was to compare the acute effects of constant torque (CT) and constant angle (CA) stretching exercises on the maximum range of motion (ROMmax), passive stiffness (PS), and ROM corresponding to the first sensation of tightness in the posterior thigh (FSTROM). Twenty-three sedentary men (age, 19-33 years) went through 1 familiarization session and afterward proceeded randomly to both CA and CT treatment stretching conditions, on separate days. An isokinetic dynamometer was used to analyze hamstring muscles during passive knee extension. The subjects performed 4 stretches of 30 seconds each with a 15-second interval between them. In the CA stretching, the subject reached a certain ROM (95% of ROMmax), and the angle was kept constant. However, in the CT stretching exercise, the volunteer reached a certain resistance torque (corresponding to 95% of ROMmax) and it was kept constant. The results showed an increase in ROMmax for both CA and CT (p < 0.001), but the increase was greater for CT than for CA (CA vs. CT in poststretching, p = 0.002). Although the PS decreased for both CA and CT (p < 0.001), the decrease was greater for CT than for CA (CA vs. CT in poststretching, p = 0.002). The FSTROM increased for both CA and CT, but the increase for CT was greater than that for CA (CA vs. CT in poststretching, p = 0.003). The greater increase in ROMmax for the CT stretch may be explained by greater changes in the biomechanical properties of the muscle-tendon unit and stretch tolerance, as indicated by the results of PS and FSTROM.

The study compared changes in strength and regional muscle hypertrophy between different ranges of motion (ROM) in the knee extension exercise. Forty-five untrained women were randomized to either a control group or to perform the exercise in one of the following 4 groups (0°=extended knee): Full ROM (FULL ROM : 100°−30°of knee flexion); Initial Partial ROM (INITIAL ROM : 100°−65°); Final Partial ROM (FINAL ROM : 65°−30°); Varied ROM (VAR ROM : daily alternation between the ROM of INITIAL ROM and FINAL ROM ). Pre-and post-training assessments included one repetition maximum ( 1RM) testing in the ROM corresponding to the initial, final and full ROM, and measurement of cross-sectional areas of the rectus femoris and vastus lateralis muscles at 40%, 50%, 60% and 70% of femur length in regard to regional muscle hypertrophy. Results showed that the INITIAL ROM group presented a greater relative increase than all groups at 70%, and at 50% and 60% the increases were greater than FINAL ROM , FULL ROM , and non-training control (CON) groups. Moreover, FINAL ROM group presented similar changes compared to the CON group at 60% and 70%. In regard to 1RM, FINAL ROM and INITIAL ROM groups presented greater relative increases at the ROM trained, and no group showed greater increases than VAR ROM or INITIAL ROM , regardless the ROM tested. In conclusion, partial ROM training in the initial phase of the knee extension exercise promoted greater relative hypertrophy in certain muscle regions than training in other ROM configurations, and no group promoted a greater 1RM increase than VAR ROM group, which showed similar 1RM increases in the different ROMs tested.

No abstract

Lacerda, LT, Marra-Lopes, RO, Diniz, RCR, Lima, FV, Rodrigues, SA, Martins-Costa, HC, Bemben, MG, and Chagas, MH. Is performing repetitions to failure less important than volume for muscle hypertrophy and strength? J Strength Cond Res 34(5): 1237–1248, 2020—The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of muscle failure (MF) or not to MF (NMF) training on strength and muscle hypertrophy relative gains (average and individual data). Ten men untrained in resistance training participated in the study. Each leg was allocated in 1 of 2 unilateral training protocols (MF or NMF with equal volume) on knee extension exercise. Both protocols were performed with 3–4 sets, 3 minutes' rest, and 55–60% of one repetition maximum (1RM). Rectus femoris and vastus lateralis muscles cross-sectional area (CSA), maximal muscle strength (1RM and maximal voluntary isometric contraction), and muscular endurance (maximum number of repetition) were assessed before and after 14 weeks. In addition, neuromuscular activation by normalized root mean square of the electromyographic signal (EMGRMS) was measured in 2nd and 35th training sessions. The average results showed that both training protocols were similarly effective in inducing increases in strength and muscle hypertrophy gains. However, individual analysis data suggest that NMF protocol with equal volume may promote similar or even greater muscle hypertrophy (vastus lateralis) and muscular endurance performance when compared with MF protocol. Also, normalized EMGRMS responses analyzed during 2nd and 35th sessions were similar in MF and NMF protocols for rectus femoris and vastus lateralis muscles. In conclusion, MF and NMF protocol conducted with the same total repetition numbers produced similar maximal muscle strength performance and neuromuscular activation. Nevertheless, NMF training could be a more appropriate strategy to increase muscle hypertrophy (vastus lateralis) and muscular endurance performance in untrained individuals when compared with MF.

Abstract--This study analyzed the effect of different repetition durations on electromyographic and blood lactate responses of the bench press exercise. Fifteen recreationally trained male volunteers completed two training protocols, matched for intensity (% one-repetition maximum; 1RM), number of sets, number of repetitions, and rest intervals. One of the protocols was performed with a repetition duration of 4 s (2 s concentric: 2 s eccentric; 2:2 protocol), whereas the second protocol had a repetition duration of 6 s (2 s concentric: 4 s eccentric; 2:4 protocol). The results showed higher normalized integrated electromyography (pectoralis major and triceps brachii) for the 2:4 protocol. Blood lactate concentration was also higher in the 2:4 protocol across all sets. These results show that adding 2 s to the eccentric action in matched training protocols increases muscle activation and blood lactate response, which reinforces the notion that increasing repetition duration is an alternative load progression in resistance training.

Introdução: Com o Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), um conjunto de normativas foi publicado objetivando estruturar a atenção ao paciente oncológico em diversas frentes de organização. Objetivo: Analisar as contribuições das legislações para a evolução da política de atenção ao câncer no Brasil no período pós-SUS (1990-2017). Método: Realizou-se um estudo descritivo utilizando a Teoria da Estruturação de Giddens para análise dos dados. As fontes de dados foram as legislações sobre a atenção ao câncer no Brasil, disponíveis nos sítios eletrônicos governamentais, publicadas entre setembro/1990 e abril/2017. O conteúdo das normas legais foi classificado quanto ao período histórico (em quatro fases: definição; organização; expansão; integração) e à sua finalidade (nas categorias: regras estruturantes; habilitação/credenciamento; financiamento; protocolos/tecnologia). Resultados: Foram incluídas e analisadas 220 normativas, sendo seis referentes à fase de definição, 70 na fase de organização, 85 na fase de expansão e 59 na fase de integração. Quanto à finalidade, 76 eram regras estruturantes, 14 tratavam de habilitação/credenciamento, 50 versavam sobre financiamento e 100 referiam-se a protocolos/tecnologias. Ao longo do tempo, o número de regras publicadas oscilou, dependendo da categoria. Conclusão: Pode-se afirmar que, nos poucos anos de normatização legal, estruturou-se uma política de atenção ao câncer com vários elementos, com importância maior ou menor no decorrer do período. O grande volume de normas dificulta o conhecimento dos gestores e profissionais de saúde, ainda que inseridos e atuantes na área. Porém, a sucessão de normativas indica lugar de destaque na agenda política, em consonância com a importância epidemiológica do câncer.

This study investigated the effect of different repetition durations on ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) in active muscles (RPE-AM) and the overall body (RPE-O). 19 male volunteers (M age = 25.4 yr., SD = 3.5) performed strength training protocols with multiple sets matched by the number of sets and repetitions, intensity and rest interval but different repetition durations: 4 sec., 6 sec., or self-paced. Participants were asked to estimate their RPE-AM and RPE-O after each set. Training protocols with a 6-sec. repetition duration produced distinct responses on RPE during and after performance compared to 4-sec. and self-paced durations. However, there were no significant differences between 4-sec. and self-paced durations.