L'intégration économique des pays et l'interdépendance qu'elle génère suggèrent que certaines variables suivent un processus de convergence. Des recherches ont détecté un tel processus dans le secteur fiscal, au niveau de l'Union européenne (UE). Cette étude s'inscrit dans cette ligne et essaie d'observer s'il existe une convergence dans l'imposition sur les sociétés, celle-ci constituant une sous-composante importante des recettes fiscales totales, dont la base, particulièrement mobile, devrait être affectée par l'intégration économique. De cette façon, nous essayons de contribuer à combler le déficit de recherches en la matière observé en 2001 par la Commission européenne.
L’intégration économique des pays et l'interdépendance qu’elle génère suggèrent que certaines variables suivent un processus de convergence. Des recherches ont détecté un tel processus dans le secteur fiscal, au niveau de l’Union européenne (UE). Cette étude s’inscrit dans cette ligne et essaie d’observer s’il existe une convergence dans l’imposition sur les sociétés, celle-ci constituant une sous-composante importante des recettes fiscales totales, dont la base, particulièrement mobile, devrait être affectée par l’intégration économique. De cette façon, nous essayons de contribuer à combler le déficit de recherches en la matière observé en 2001 par la Commission européenne.
In France, the increase of obesity prevalence in children constitutes a true "epidemic". The school doctors based in Seine Saint-Denis carried out a study during the 2003-2004 academic year on the prevalence of childhood obesity in students from nursery school and junior high school. It was also closely linked to an individually-based awareness campaign for better management of the students surveyed and selected. The results show a prevalence of obesity of 13.9% at 6 years old and 14.3% at 15 years, values which are higher than the national data (10.6% at 6 years old and 11.3% at 15 years old). On the other hand, a percentage of 5.15% of underweight children was found in the 6 year old group. The socio-economic and urban specificities of this specific county partially explain these numbers. It would seem judicious to sign-up the service for health promotion in support of students (SPSFE) with the task to pursue activities which can identify and manage their care, in partnership namely with the network for the management and prevention of pediatric obesity (REPOP-IdeF), county social services and maternal and child protection (PMI). It would also be recommended to engage in and commission new reflections on the schools' nutrition and food practices (both for snacks and cafeteria dining). The population of underweight children should serve as a target focus group for streamlining adapted care management as well as for more additional complementary information.
In the European Union, a series of competencies are shared between a central agency called the European Commission, and the governments of the Member States. This paper focuses on two of those policies: research and regional development. Here, we model and discuss how the level of commitment of a central authority toward poor regions affects the design of the best decision-making process. We explore cases of full centralization and full decentralization, and situations where the two levels of government are allowed to take decisions, either simultaneously or sequentially. In the latter case, we make a distinction between a situation where the central agency decides first as in most federations, and one in which it decides second, then being an agent of national governments. This setting is especially relevant for the European Union. We show, in particular, that when the degree of commitment of the center is high, assignment of redistributive competencies to both levels of power is a proxy for centralization. Additionally, the poorer region may find its best interest in an institutional design where the regions decide first.
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