Su m á r i o : 1. Introdução; 2. A importância de informações sobre custos para a melhoria da qualidade do gasto público; 3. Motivações e objetivos para a adoção de regimes contábeis que gerem informações sobre os custos do governo; 4. A adoção da contabilidade de competência deve levar necessariamente à adoção também de um orçamento de competência?; 5. O debate atual: da informação à decisão; 6. A experiência internacional e as diretrizes para adoção de um sistema de custos no setor público brasileiro; 7. Síntese e conclusões.Su m m a ry : 1. Introduction; 2. The importance of cost information for the improvement of public expenditure; 3. Motives and goals of accounting regimes that manage government expenditure information; 4. The adoption of accrual accounting must necessarily also lead to accrual budgeting?; 5. The current debate: from information to decision; 6. International experience and the guidelines for the adoption of a costing system in the Brazilian public sector; 7. Summary and conclusions.

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common primary brain cancer. GBMs commonly acquire resistance to standard-of-care therapies. Among the novel means to sensitize GBM to DNA-damaging therapies, a promising strategy is to combine them with inhibitors of the DNA damage repair (DDR) machinery, such as inhibitors for poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). PARP inhibitors (PARPis) have already shown efficacy and have received regulatory approval for breast, ovarian, prostate, and pancreatic cancer treatment. In these cancer types, after PARPi administration, patients carrying specific mutations in the breast cancer 1 (BRCA1) and 2 (BRCA2) suppressor genes have shown better response when compared to wild-type carriers. Mutated BRCA genes are infrequent in GBM tumors, but their cells can carry other genetic alterations that lead to the same phenotype collectively referred to as ‘BRCAness’. The most promising biomarkers of BRCAness in GBM are related to isocitrate dehydrogenases 1 and 2 (IDH1/2), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), MYC proto-oncogene, and estrogen receptors beta (ERβ). BRCAness status identified by accurate biomarkers can ultimately predict responsiveness to PARPi therapy, thereby allowing patient selection for personalized treatment. This review discusses potential biomarkers of BRCAness for a ‘precision medicine’ of GBM patients.

As of the 1988 Constitution, the states, by means of a constitutional amendment, may establish metropolitan regions in order to integrate the organization, planning and operation of public functions of common interest of the states and their respective municipalities. Despite some attempts to overcome financial troubles through better coordination of public actions - new proposals for dealing with a more constrained financial situation -, difficulties of institutional character and the fragmentation of the available resources did not allow for significant improvements to be made to date. This paper intends to provide a background to understanding the problems of metropolitan financing in Brazil, which is necessary to deal with the obstacles still existing to the improvement of investments financing and service provision.

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protectioll. Tourism and public finance: costs and benefits.Para a elaboração deste artigo o autor contou com a valiosa colaboração de

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