In this paper, the current state of knowledge of the taphonomic characteristics of micromammal (rodents and marsupials) remains generated by the action of the different predators (avian raptors and carnivore mammals) of South America (particularly of Argentina), known through actualistic studies, is reviewed. The analyzed taphonomic attributes enabled the adjustment, by means of extensive comparisons among different groups of predators and prey, of the modification categories indicated in the original papers. The data herein revised and assessed suggest that the evaluated South American predators may be grouped into four categories of modification: a) Light (Tyto alba, Bubo virginianus, Strix chacoensis and Asio flammeus); b) Moderate (Athene cunicularia, Geranoaetus melanoleucus, Geranoaetus polyosoma and Pseudoscops clamator); c) Heavy (Circus buffoni, Caracara plancus, Elanus leucurus, Didelphis albiventris, Leopardus geoffroyi and Lontra longicaudis); d) Extreme (Milvago chimango, Puma concolor, Puma yagouaroundi, Conepatus chinga and Lycalopex griseus). Finally, the research herein discussed evaluates how these studies were applied in the fossil record of both palaeontological and archaeological sites of South America.Resumen. REVISIÓN DE LA TAFONOMÍA ACTUALÍSTICA DE LOS MICROMAMÍFEROS INGERIDOS POR DEPREDADORES DE AMÉRICA DEL SUR.SU IMPORTANCIA EN LA INTERPRETACIÓN DEL REGISTRO FÓSIL. En este trabajo se valora el estado actual del conocimiento de las características tafonómicas de los restos de micromamíferos (roedores y marsupiales) generados por la acción de los diferentes depredadores (aves rapaces y mamíferos carnívoros) de América del Sur (particularmente de Argentina), a través de la revisión de los estudios actualísticos. Los atributos tafonómicos analizados permitieron ajustar, a través de comparaciones extensas entre los diferentes grupos de depredadores y presas, las categorías de modificación indicadas en los artículos originales. La información revisada sugiere que los depredadores de América del Sur evaluados pueden agruparse en cuatro categorías de modificación: a) Ligera (Tyto alba, Bubo virginianus, Strix chacoensis y Asio flammeus); b) Moderada (Athene cunicularia, Geranoaetus melanoleucus, Geranoaetus polyosoma y Pseudoscops clamator); c) Fuerte (Circus buffoni, Caracara plancus, Elanus leucurus, Didelphis albiventris, Leopardus geoffroyi y Lontra longicaudis); d) Extrema (Milvago chimango, Puma concolor, Puma yagouaroundi, Conepatus chinga y Lycalopex griseus). Finalmente, se evalúa cómo estos estudios se aplicaron al registro zooarqueológico y paleontológico de América del Sur. Palabras clave. Modificaciones óseas. Neotafonomía. Micromamíferos. Depredadores. Análogos actuales. Argentina.

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RESUMENEl norte de la provincia de Neuquén (Depto. Pehuenches, Argentina) es muy poco conocido a nivel arqueológico, a pesar de estar ubicado en una posición central en relación con distintos temas clave del poblamiento humano de Sudamérica, incluyendo la extinción de la megafauna y sus causas, el poblamiento humano inicial y la existencia de discontinuidades arqueológicas en el Holoceno medio. En este trabajo se presenta el primer cuerpo de resultados paleoecológicos y arqueológicos para el sitio Cueva Huenul 1, recientemente excavado, que ofrece una secuencia sedimentaria que se extiende durante los últimos 16.000 años calendáricos. Estas evidencias incluyen el desarrollo de un marco crono-estratigráfico para el sitio, que aporta novedosa información tefro-cronológica. A partir de este análisis, se definen cuatro componentes temporales, sobre los cuales se asienta el estudio de los materiales recuperados: evidencias faunísticas (paleontológicas y arqueológicas), arqueobotánicas, líticas, cerámicas y de arte rupestre. Estos resultados en escala de sitio proveen una primera instancia de evaluación de procesos en escala macro-regional, así como las bases para la continuación de este proyecto.PALABRAS CLAVE: Neuquén, fauna extinta, poblamiento humano temprano, cronología, tendencias temporales. ARCHAEOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES FOR NORTHERN PATAGONIA:CUEVA HUENUL 1 SITE (NEUQUEN PROVINCE, ARGENTINA) ABSTRACT Northern Neuquén Province (Pehuenches Dept., Argentina) is barely known from an archaeological 138 R. BARBERENA et al. perspective, though it is centrally placed in terms of several large-scale key issues in the peopling of South America: the extinction of the megafauna and its causes, early human presence, and the existence of archaeological discontinuities during the Mid-Holocene. In this paper we present the first body of paleoecological and archaeological data for Cueva Huenul 1 site, recently excavated, which offers a sedimentary sequence extending during the last of 16.000 calendar years. Initially, we present a chronostratigraphic frame for the site, including new tephro-chronological information. On this basis, four temporal components are defined, providing the historical scheme for the analysis of the recovered evidences that include: archaeofaunas (paleontological and archaeological), archaeobotany, lithic and ceramic technology, and rockart. These results at a site scale provide a first approach to a discussion of macro-regional processes, as well as the basis for the continuation of our research.KEY WORDS: Neuquén, extinct fauna, early human peopling, chronology, temporal tendencies. INTRODUCCIÓN Y ANTECEDENTESEste trabajo se enmarca en un proyecto arqueológico recientemente iniciado en el extremo noroeste de Patagonia (Departamento Pehuenches, provincia del Neuquén, Argentina; Fig. 1; Barberena, 2013). Básicamente la región carece de información arqueológica, lo que ofrece tanto una limitación como un desafío para el desarrollo de este proyecto. En esta instancia inicial de acercamiento a la arqueol...

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The last 500 years of the historical era, an interval that corresponds to the concerted dispersal of European explorers, traders, and colonists around the globe, has witnessed the global disappearance of ~90 mammal species. Besides the known cases of biological extinctions, this time period was also characterized by the regional extirpations of specialized taxa and by the expansion and population growth of some opportunistic species. Several lines of evidence suggest that the current configuration of small mammal communities-i. e. richness (number of species) and diversity (distribution of species abundance)-in southern South America would have been generated in the period after the arrival of Europeans ca. 1500 AD. In this study, we reviewed the fossil record for small rodents and marsupials during the last 500 years, with emphasis on the Pampean and Patagonian regions. Based on these findings, we offer some considerations concerning the biogeography and conservation of these species. Methods: Micromammals from archaeological and paleontological sites have provided considerable information on environmental conditions during the Quaternary in South America. In this work, we reviewed several micromammal fossil samples, mostly generated by the trophic activity of owls. The use of this kind of data involves some extrinsic and intrinsic biases that must be considered at the time to study the diversity of past communities, such as the bird involved on the accumulations, its hunting techniques, the time of the year, the size and behavior of the prey species, etc. For this work, we compared the fossil samples with more than 700 owl pellet assemblages of the same geographical areas. Results: Richness and diversity of small mammal communities was higher prior to the deepest human impact (> 0.5 ka), showing a pronounced drop in both parameters to the present. The regional extinction of some cricetid rodents and small marsupials was recorded, both in the Pampean (e. g. Bibimys torresi, Pseudoryzomys simplex) and in the Patagonian regions (e. g. Euneomys mordax, Lestodelphys halli, Tympanoctomys kirchnerorum), as well as the biological extinctions of the bat Desmodus cf. D. draculae and the cavy Galea tixiensis in the Pampas. At this same time, opportunistic species (e. g. Calomys spp., Oligoryzomys longicaudatus) showed a dramatic increase of their populations, especially in the most extensively disturbed areas. Discussion and conclusions: In the last 500 years, significant variations occurred in the micromammal assemblages of southern South America. These changes included the dispersion and increase (in some cases extensive) of some specialized species and the regional extinctions of others, involving hundreds to thousands of kilometers of distributional extent. We suggest that the changes produced by livestock and agriculture have caused extensive habitat uniformity which was beneficial for some opportunistic taxa (e. g. Calomys spp., Oligoryzomys longicaudatus), facilitating their dispersion and allowing the increase of ...

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Ultra-Levura (Upsamedica, Spain) is a yeast (Saccharomyces boulardii) widely used as a biotherapeutic agent. To date, few adverse effects have been reported, although fungemia with Saccharomyces cerevisiae can occur in weak and immunosuppressed patients. Reported here are two cases of fungemia with Saccharomyces cerevisiae. One patient had been treated with Ultra-Levura and the other contracted the infection from the first. This is the first report of infection with Saccharomyces boulardii (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) in a patient who was not being treated with the agent.

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