RESUMOO estudo dos efeitos do vigor das sementes sobre os estádios iniciais do desenvolvimento das plântulas de soja é importante, já que compreendem o período de estabelecimento da cultura. Sementes de baixo vigor podem provocar reduções na velocidade de emergência e na produção de biomassa seca de plântulas, podendo afetar o estabelecimento da cultura. Este estudo teve por objetivo quantificar os componentes químicos e avaliar a capacidade de mobilização de reservas, na germinação de sementes de soja de alto e baixo vigor. Foram utilizadas três cultivares: BRS 243RR, BRS 246RR e CD 219RR. A caracterização do vigor foi por meio do teste de envelhecimento acelerado. Para determinação da composição química das sementes, foram quantificados os teores de proteínas, amido e açúcar solúvel, além da atividade da isoenzima alfa amilase. A capacidade de mobilização das reservas na germinação foi avaliada por meio da massa seca e do comprimento das plântulas. De acordo com os resultados desse trabalho, em sementes mais vigorosas há maiores conteúdos de proteínas solúveis, amido e açúcares solúveis, bem como maior capacidade de mobilização de reservas na germinação, resultando em plântulas de soja com melhor desempenho inicial. Palavras-chave:Glycine max, proteínas, açúcares, massa seca. ABSTRACT CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND RESERVE MOBILIZATION IN SOYBEAN SEEDS WITH HIGH AND LOW VIGORThe study of vigour effect on the initial stages of soybean seeds development is important, once it includes the period of crop establishment. Seeds with low vigour may result in reduction of emergence rate and dry matter production, which may affect the crop establishment. The aims of this study were to quantify chemical components and to evaluate the capacity of seed reserve mobilization in germination of soybean seeds with high and low vigour. Three cultivars, BRS 243RR, BRS 246RR and CD 219RR were studied. The characterization of seed vigour was performed by the accelerated aging test. To determine seed chemical composition, soluble sugar, starch and soluble protein were quantified; in addition alpha amylase isoenzyme activity was also evaluated. The capacity of seed reserve mobilization during germination was evaluated by seedling dry matter and length. According to the results of this study, high vigour soybean seeds exhibit higher content of soluble proteins, starch and soluble sugars. Besides, they showed higher capacity of seed reserve mobilization during germination, resulting in a better performance for seedlings development.

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-The objective was to assess the early treatment effect of soybean seeds and pre-sowing with different combinations of chemicals on the establishment of plants and crop yield performance. The design was in randomized blocks in a 2x7 factorial arrangement, with two times for seed treatment and seven treatments (six chemical treatments and an untreated control). The treatments were: 1) fipronil + pyraclostrobin + thiophanate methyl; 2) imidacloprid + thiodicarb + carbendazin + thiram; 3) abamectin + thiamethoxam + fludioxonil + mefenoxam + thiabendazole; 4) carbendazin + thiram; 5) fludioxonil + mefenoxam + thiabendazole; 6) carboxin + thiram; and 7) untreated control (water only). The assessments were: seedling emergence, final stand, plant height and insertion of first pod, number of pods per plant, seeds per pod and per plant, thousand-seed weight and grain yield. Early treatment of soybean seeds (240 days prior to sowing) hinders the establishment of the crop, the thousand-seed weight and grain yield in relation to the pre-sowing treatment. Chemical treatments tested containing fungicides and insecticides associated favor the establishment of the crop, but do not alter the soybean yield performance.Index terms: Glycine max (L.) Merrill, fungicides, insecticides, seedling emergence, grain yield.Épocas de tratamento de sementes no estabelecimento e desempenho produtivo da cultura da soja RESUMO -O objetivo foi avaliar o efeito do tratamento de sementes de soja antecipado e em pré-semeadura com diferentes combinações de produtos químicos, sobre o estabelecimento de plantas e desempenho produtivo da cultura. O delineamento foi de blocos ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 2x7, sendo, duas épocas de tratamento de sementes e sete tratamentos (seis tratamentos químicos e uma testemunha sem tratamento). Os tratamentos foram: 1) fipronil + piraclostrobina + tiofanato metílico; 2) imidacloprido + tiodicarbe + carbendazin + thiram; 3) abamectina + tiametoxan + fludioxonil + mefenoxam + thiabendazole; 4) carbendazin + thiram; 5) fludioxonil + mefenoxam + thiabendazole; 6) carboxin + thiram; e 7) testemunha sem tratamento (somente água). As avaliações foram: emergência de plântulas, estande final, altura de plantas e inserção da primeira vagem, número de vagens por planta, sementes por vagens e por planta, massa de mil sementes e produtividade de grãos. O tratamento de sementes de soja antecipado (240 dias antes da semeadura) prejudica o estabelecimento da cultura, a massa de mil sementes e a produtividade de grãos, em relação ao tratamento em pré-semeadura. Os tratamentos químicos testados contendo fungicidas e inseticidas associados favorecem o estabelecimento da cultura, porém não alteram o desempenho produtivo da soja.Termos para indexação: Glycine max (L.) Merrill, fungicidas, inseticidas, emergência de plântulas, produtividade de grãos.

-The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of different spray volumes, via industrial treatment, on the physiological quality of soybean seeds with different levels of vigor. The experimental design was completely randomized in a 2x5 factor scheme, with four replications. Factors consisted in two levels of seed vigor (high and low) and five spray volumes (0, 600, 1200, 1800 and 2400 mL. 100 kg -1 ). Products used to obtain the volumes were: fungicide (carbendazin + thiram); insecticide (imidacloprid + thiodicarb); nematicide (abamectin); micronutrients (cobalt, molybdenum and zinc); polymer (peridiam); biostimulants (kinetin + gibberellic acid) and inoculum (Bradyrhizobium japonicum). The used cultivars were BRS 360 RR and BRS 1010 IPRO. The physiological seed quality was determined by the following evaluations: germination, first count of the germination test, seedling emergence in sand, emergency speed index, total length of shoot and root of the seedlings. In the different spray volumes, high vigor soybean seeds have higher physiological quality than low vigor seeds. The increased spray volumes in seed treatments reduce the physiological quality of low vigor soybean seeds.

RESUMO -A exposição das sementes de soja a ciclos alternados de elevada e baixa umidades antes da colheita, provocado pela ocorrência de chuvas freqüentes, orvalho ou às flutuações diárias da umidade relativa do ar, resulta na deterioração por umidade, a qual pode ser apontada como a principal causa para a baixa qualidade das sementes. Alguns trabalhos têm evidenciado a existência de genótipos de soja contrastantes para qualidade fisiológica de sementes. Tais diferenças podem existir em virtude da total ou parcial impermeabilidade do tegumento à penetração de água, o que torna as sementes menos susceptíveis aos danos mecânicos, as adversidades climáticas e a deterioração por umidade. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a qualidade fisiológica das sementes dos genótipos de soja CD-202 (tegumento amarelo, permeável e susceptível a deterioração) e TP (tegumento preto, semi-permeável e resistente a deterioração) e identificar diferenças estruturais existentes entre os tegumentos desses genótipos. Na determinação da qualidade fisiológica das sementes utilizaram-se os testes de germinação e vigor (condutividade elétrica e envelhecimento acelerado). Para avaliação da estrutura dos tegumentos, foram coletadas sementes de soja em diferentes estádios de desenvolvimento (25, 40 e 55 dias após a antese). Essas amostras foram encaminhadas ao Laboratório de Imunologia e Microscopia Eletrônica da Embrapa Clima Temperado, onde os tecidos de tegumento foram visualizados em microscópio ótico Olympus BX 51 com aumento de 40x, através de cortes histológicos na região oposta ao hilo. De acordo com os resultados do trabalho, sementes do genótipo TP apresentaram qualidade fisiológica superior em relação ao genótipo CD-202. Quanto à caracterização morfológica, foram detectadas diferenças entre as estruturas dos tegumentos de soja de coloração preta e amarela, as quais podem estar relacionadas à qualidade de sementes.Termos para indexação: tegumento preto, tegumento amarelo, Glycine max. STRUCTURAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SOYBEAN SEEDS COAT WITH CONTRASTING PERMEABILITYABSTRACT -The exposition of soybean seeds to alternated cycles of high and low humidity before harvesting, due to frequent rain, dew or daily flotation of the relative humidity of the air, results in deterioration by humidity which can be pointed as the main cause for seeds low quality. Some works have made evident the existence of contrasting genotypes for seeds physiological quality. There are such differences because the presence of seeds with total or partial impermeability for water absorption by the coat that makes them less susceptible to mechanical damages, weather

-This study aimed at evaluating the relationship among lignin content in the seed coat of soybean seeds with tolerance to weathering damage and oxidative stress. Four soybean cultivars (CD 208, CD 215, CD 202 and BRS 184), with lignin contents in the seed coat of 4.2, 2.6, 2.0 and 1.7%, respectively, were used. Seeds were subjected to deterioration by moisture, through artificially simulated rains. Pods of all cultivars were subjected to irrigation by constant sprinkling during 4 hours, and then dried in oven, set at 35 °C, for 37 hours; repeating twice such procedure. After these treatments seeds were subjected to tests and then compared to the control. Tests performed were: germination, accelerated aging and tetrazolium test; thereby quantifying the occurrence of damages by weathering damage. The activity of enzymes superoxide dismutase and guaiacol peroxidase was measured; and the lipid peroxidation was assessed. Soybean cultivars CD 208 and CD 215, with higher lignin content in the seed coat, were less susceptible to weathering damage. Seeds of cultivar CD 208 have also presented lower oxidative stress, when subjected to weathering damage stress.Index terms: Glycine max. L, field deterioration, seed quality.Suscetibilidade à deterioração por umidade e ao estresse oxidativo em sementes de soja com variação no conteúdo de lignina no tegumento RESUMO -O estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a relação entre o teor de lignina no tegumento de sementes de soja com tolerância à deterioração por umidade e ao estresse oxidativo. Foram utilizadas quatro cultivares de soja: CD 208, CD 215, CD 202 e BRS 184, com teores de lignina no tegumento de 4,2; 2,6; 2,0 e 1,7%, respectivamente. As sementes foram submetidas a uma deterioração por umidade através de chuvas simuladas (4 horas), e, posteriormente, secas em estufa (35 °C), por 37 horas, totalizando dois ciclos de umedecimento e secagem. Foram realizados os testes: germinação, envelhecimento acelerado e teste de tetrazólio. Foi medida a atividade das enzimas antioxidantes: Superóxido Dismutase e Guaiacol Peroxidase; e a peroxidação lipídica. As avaliações foram realizadas no delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 2x4, com quatro repetições. As cultivares de soja CD 208 e CD 215, com maior teor de lignina no tegumento, são menos suscetíveis ao dano por umidade. As sementes da cultivar CD 208 também apresentaram menor estresse oxidativo, quando submetidas a deterioração por umidade.Termos para indexação: Glycine max. L, deterioração em campo, qualidade de sementes.

In wheat crops, it is often observed that the number of plants per area is lower than that of viable seeds used, which may be related to both environmental conditions and seed vigor. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of seed vigor level at different sowing densities on growth, development, and grain yield in wheat cultivars. The experiments were conducted in Londrina and Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil, under a randomized block design in a 2 × 2 × 3 factorial scheme, with four replications. Two seed vigor levels (high and low), two sowing densities (200 and 400 viable seeds per m2), and three wheat cultivars (BRS Sabiá, BRS Gaivota, and BRS Gralha Azul) were assessed. In order to assess growth and development, plant samples were collected at the phenological stages of seedling growth, stem elongation, booting, and ear emergence. We assessed the emergence of seedlings, height and dry matter of plant shoot, and grain yield. The sowing density of 200 seeds per m2 led to a higher shoot dry matter production per plant at the stages booting and ear emergence. The cultivar BRS Sabiá presented the highest grain yield in Londrina, while BRS Sabiá and BRS Gralha Azul presented the highest grain yield in Ponta Grossa. High vigor seeds favor stand establishment, growth and development of plants at early phenological stages, and grain yield of wheat.

Soybean is one of the most common grain crops worldwide, representing an important protein and oil source. Although genetic variability in the chemical composition of grains is seen in soybean, the mean levels of proteins have remained stagnant or, in some cases, have decreased over time, arousing concern in the agricultural industry. Furthermore, environmental conditions influence the chemical composition of grains. Thus, the present study evaluated the effect of water deficit (WD) induced at the vegetative period (vegetative stress (VS)) and reproductive period (reproductive stress (RS)) on the protein and oil contents of grains in different soybean genotypes. Yield and its components were evaluated to evaluate the interrelation of these traits. The experiment was completed over three crop seasons under field conditions in Londrina, Paraná (PR), Brazil. WD was induced using rainout shelters and then stress treatments with irrigated and non-irrigated conditions were compared. WD negatively affected yield and its components. All evaluated genotypes showed similar responses for oil and protein contents under different water conditions. Higher protein content and lower oil content were observed in grains under RS. Such a relationship was not equally established under VS. Additionally, negative relationships between protein and oil content and between protein content and yield were confirmed.