Humiliation is both an emotional state and the social situation that produces it as well. This paper inquires into both dimensions, departing from Georg Simmel’s perspective and questions in his sociology of emotions, especially his thoughts on shame. Based on historical cases and literary examples, the paper analyzes humiliation as a composite emotional state (mixture of shame, wrath and sadness), and the distinctive features of it as a «form» of interaction. Regarding the latter, it is highlighted (a) its relational character, (b) the realization of a type of action whose purpose is degrading, (c) a representation of human value which is injured precisely by that action, and usually (d) its public character. It is warned about the main effects that humiliation may have at the subjective (resentment and thirst for revenge) and at the social level (increase of conflict, maintenance or instauration of an asymmetrical balance of forces, divisive effect and social stigmatization). In view of such negative consequences, the essay concludes by considering the main ways in which humiliation could be limited in our social life.
Decisiones públicas, beneficios privaDos. consiDeraciones teóricas en torno a la corrupción* public Decisions, private profits. theoretical consiDerations on corruption Fernando Artavia Araya ** "Los servidores de la nación deben prestar sus servicios sin recibir presentes..." Platón, las leyes, libro 12 RESUMEN Motivado por los escándalos de corrupción CCSS-Fischel e ICE-Alcatel, el artículo estudia algunos aportes teóricos que pueden contribuir a la comprensión de la corrupción en las compras estatales al sector privado. Primero, se realizan algunas precisiones conceptuales en torno a la corrupción. Luego, se analizan las condiciones socioinstitucionales que facilitan la existencia de actos corruptos. Y, finalmente, se reflexiona sobre probables implicaciones políticas de la corrupción, y se sugiere algunas medidas tendientes a disminuir nuestra vulnerabilidad social ante la misma.
On May 30, 1961, after 30 years of one of the cruelest dictatorships in Latin American history, Rafael Leónidas Trujillo was murdered. But even if the
caudillo
had died, his heritage,
trujillismo
, was carried on by family members and his closest friends, especially Joaquín Balaguer, whom Trujillo himself had led to the president's chair. Pressured by opposition from the National Civic Union (NCU) and the 14 of June Movement, Balaguer agreed to form a provisional government, the Council of State, led by him but with the presence of the private sector, the Catholic Church, and the two surviving assassins of Trujillo – Luis Amiama Tió and Antonio Imbert Barrera.
Puerto Rican nationalist and pro‐independence leader Filiberto Ojeda Ríos was born in Naguabo in 1933. He spent his adolescence between Puerto Rico and New York and showed a special talent for music. During the 1950s Ojeda combined his studies and work in New York factories with political activism, joining the Cuban 26th of July Movement (Movimiento 26 de Julio) and the Puerto Rican Liberation Movement (Movimiento Libertador de Puerto Rico), which exposed him to the political and social history of Us colonial rule over the island.
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