The Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) inositol polyphosphate 6-/3-kinase gene (AtIpk2b) is known to participate in inositol phosphate metabolism. However, little is known about its physiological functions in higher plants. Here, we report that AtIpk2b regulates Arabidopsis axillary shoot branching. By overexpressing AtIpk2b in the wild type and mutants, we found that overexpression of AtIpk2b leads to more axillary shoot branches. Further analysis of AtIpk2b overexpression lines showed that axillary meristem forms earlier and the bud outgrowth rate is also accelerated, resulting in more axillary shoot branches. The AtIpk2b promoter/b-glucuronidase (GUS) fusion (AtIpk2bTGUS) expression pattern is similar to that of the auxin reporter DR5TGUS. Moreover, AtIpk2b can be induced in response to exogenous indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) treatments. In addition, AtIpk2b overexpression plants exhibit IAA-related phenotypes and are more resistant to exogenous IAA treatments. Further analysis employing reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction shows that some genes, including auxin-biosynthesis (CYP83B1), auxin-transport (PIN4), and auxin-mediated branching genes (MAX4 and SPS), are regulated by AtIpk2b. Taken together, our data provide insights into a role for AtIpk2b in axillary shoot branching through the auxin signaling pathway.
This article presents on a multi-institution project that explains the development of Virtual Tabadul, which is an exchange program in virtual reality for English and Arabic foreign language and culture learning and community building amongst 1,200 US and the Middle East, and North Africa (MENA) college-aged youth. The program involves faculty, staff, and students at four institutions: Florida International University (U.S.), University of Michigan-Dearborn (U.S.), Oum El-Bouaghi University (Algeria), and Ibn Tofail University (Morocco). The project has been developed with generous funding from the Stevens Initiative and is the very first virtual exchange program for Arabic and English foreign language learning in virtual reality.
Los rápidos avances científicos y técnicos producidos en las diferentes áreas de la Medicina y la Biología, son considerados como el punto de partida para la aparición del término Bioética, que más tarde, con la aparición de los movimientos ecologistas, quienes reconocen los efectos deletéreos a nivel del medio ambiente producidos por la contaminación generada por la industrialización, y su preocupación por la calidad de vida de las generaciones futuras, generan una serie de conflictos que culminan con el nacimiento de la Bioética como una ciencia: rama de la ética que se ocupa de la vida en cuanto es.
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