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We aimed to estimate the association between sleep duration trajectories and body composition in adolescents. We used data from participants of the 1993 Pelotas (Brazil) Birth Cohort Study who were later followed up at age 18 years (response rate of 81.3%). At the time, 3974 adolescents had complete data on body composition, which was assessed by air displacement plethysmography. Sleep duration was self-reported by participants at ages 11 and 18 years. Analyses were sex-stratified. The mean sleep duration at 11 years was 9.7 (SD 1.4) and 8.4 (SD 1.9) at 18 years. Sleep duration was dichotomized as inadequate (<8 hours/day) or adequate (≥8 hours/day). Mean body mass, fat mass, and fat-free mass indices at 18 years were 23.4 kg/m2 (SD 4.5), 6.1 kg/m2 (SD 3.9) and 17.3 kg/m2 (SD 2.5), respectively. Girls who reported inadequate sleep duration at 11 years of age, but adequate sleep duration at 18, on average experienced an increase in body mass index (β = 0.39 z-scores; 95% CI 0.13, 0.65), fat mass index (β = 0.30 z-scores; 95% CI 0.07, 0.53), and fat-free mass index (β = 0.24 z-scores; 95% CI 0.08, 0.39) compared to those who had adequate sleep duration at both time points. The results suggest that changes in sleep duration across adolescence may impact body composition in later adolescence and that this may differ by sex.

Social and demographic variables may play an important role in determining adolescents' sleep duration, but the nature of these relationships in Brazil may differ from those observed in higher-income contexts.

Background The present study aimed to assess the association of vitamin D and vitamin B12 with cognitive impairment in elderly people. Methods The data were obtained from a cross‐sectional study that included individuals aged 80 years or older living in the urban and rural areas of the cities of Siderópolis and Treviso in the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil. In total, 165 elderly people were included in the analysis. The outcome of cognitive decline was assessed by the Mini‐Mental State Examination. Vitamin D and vitamin B12 levels were measured from blood samples. The socio‐demographic, anthropometric and health variables used in the analysis were collected from a questionnaire. Crude and adjusted analyses of the relationship between vitamins D and B12 and cognitive decline were performed using a Poisson regression model. Results The prevalence of cognitive decline was 35.2%. In the adjusted model, individuals who had vitamin D levels >19 ng mL−1 showed a lower prevalence of cognitive decline (prevalence ratio = 0.59; 95% confidence interval = 0.39–0.87). Those participants who had vitamin B12 levels of ≥496 pg mL−1 had a higher prevalence of cognitive decline (prevalence ratio = 1.90; 95% confidence interval = 1.08–3.36). Conclusions The present study showed that individuals aged ≥80 years who had vitamin D levels of ≤18 ng mL−1 had a higher prevalence of cognitive decline even after adjustment for potential confounders. In addition, the study demonstrated that vitamin B12 levels of ≥496 pg mL−1 in this population were also a risk factor for cognitive decline. A cross‐sectional analysis does not enable the inference of a cause–effect relationship and additional studies are needed to understand these relationships.

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O objetivo foi analisar as desigualdades econômica, racial e geográfica nos comportamentos de risco para doenças crônicas não transmissíveis dos adultos brasileiros. Estudo transversal realizado com os dados do Vigitel (Vigilância de Fatores de Risco e Proteção para Doenças Crônicas por Inquérito Telefônico) de 2019. Os comportamentos de risco analisados foram tabagismo, consumo abusivo de álcool, inatividade física, excesso de peso, consumo regular de refrigerante ou suco artificial e consumo não regular de frutas, legumes e verduras. As desigualdades nos comportamentos de risco foram avaliadas considerando escolaridade e macrorregião de moradia dos brasileiros, por meio do índice de desigualdade absoluta (slope index of inequality - SII). Gráficos equiplots também foram construídos para melhor ilustrar as desigualdades. Para todas as análises, foi utilizado o comando svy do Stata devido à complexidade do processo amostral. Foram avaliados 52.395 indivíduos. Desigualdades importantes nos comportamentos de risco para doenças crônicas não transmissíveis foram observadas: ter baixa escolaridade concentrou a grande maioria dos comportamentos de risco. Tabagismo e consumo de refrigerante foram mais observados na Macrorregião Sul do país. São necessárias políticas públicas que visem reduzir as desigualdades encontradas, permitindo a melhoria nos indicadores de saúde da população brasileira.

Objective: To assess the association between household food insecurity (FI) and major depressive episodes (MDE) amid Covid-19 pandemic in Brazil. Design: Cross-sectional study carried out with data from four consecutive population-based studies. Setting: The study was conducted between May and June 2020, in Bagé, a Brazilian southern city. Household FI was measured using the short-form version of the Brazilian Food Insecurity Scale. Utilizing the Patient Health Questionnaire-9, we used two different approaches to define MDE: the cut-off point of ≥9 and the diagnostic criteria proposed by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-R). Association between FI and MDE was analysed using crude and adjusted Poisson regression models. Participants: 1550 adults (≥20 years old). Results: The prevalence of household FI was 29.4% (95%C.I 25.0; 34.4). MDE prevalence varied from 4.4% (95%C.I. 3.1 to 6.0), when we used the DSM-IV-R criteria to define this condition, to 9.6% (95%C.I 7.3; 12.5) of the sample, when we used the cut-off point of ≥9 as definition. Prevalence of MDE was more than two times higher in those individuals living with FI, independent of the criteria adopted to define the outcome. Adjustment for potential confounders did not change the association’s magnitude. Conclusion: Household FI has been positively associated with MDE amid Covid-19 pandemic, independent of sociodemographic characteristics of participants. Actions are needed to warrant basic living conditions to avoid food insecurity and hunger and its consequences for the Brazilian population, especially those consequences linked to mental health disorders.