Purpose -Because women's status in Latin American countries appears comparable to their status in organizations of more economically advanced nations, this paper probes the mystery of how and why these women fare relatively well in their careers, given that socioeconomic and cultural factors could limit their possibilities of achieving higher management positions. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach -Exploratory study of 162 Latin American women who demonstrated exceptional success by attaining first and second level positions in private organizations. They responded to a semi-structured interview of 49 closed-ended questions about career challenges and barriers, leadership style, ambition, personal goals and work-life balance, plus two open-ended questions about men and women's leadership differences and how they understand their success. Findings -Interviewees disagreed on issues of discrimination, recognized few serious professional career barriers and regarded work-life balance as their main challenge. They understood their success in terms of individual factors such as personality characteristics, performance and results, and their own leadership traits. Most admitted that machismo limits women's access to upper level positions. They recognized their ambition to attain power positions mainly for personal satisfaction, and their main goal was personal development and fulfilment. Research limitations/implications -Given the sample size per country, future research could include a more representative and large sample or concentrate on one country per region to establish relationships between women's personal characteristics and organizations' sector, or challenges faced and leadership style. Also family-owned companies as well as women entrepreneurs could contribute knowledge about women's leadership in these countries. Studying only national companies, a more neatly description of local culture and gender awareness in its organizational practices that hinder or promote women's leadership and participation in decision-making positions may be obtained. Transcultural studies that compare women's rise and upper management performance in countries where support from domestic help and extended family as well as cultural values are very different, could permit to understand more fully what it takes to reach top management positions and the weight that these particular cultural conditions have. Originality/value -This study is unique in shedding light on a multinational sample of Latin American female executives and their perceptions of their success, leadership style and barriers and challenges faced.
El incremento de la presencia femenina en la esfera pública ha provocado cambios culturales que repercuten en la cognición social en términos de expectativas en función del género. Estos cambios interpelan a las organizaciones sociales entre las que se encuentran las Fuerzas Armadas. Desde las formas modernas del prejuicio, se desarrolló un estudio orientado a indagar actitudes de sexismo ambivalente, valores y dominancia social en un grupo de 238 cadetes de ambos sexos del Colegio Militar de la Nación. Los resultados muestran la presencia de actitudes sexistas. En roles sexuales y tipicidad de género las participantes mujeres muestran un estereotipo andrógino, asociado probablemente a la necesidad de presentarse de manera contra estereotípica para funcionar como líderes.
Our primary objective was to describe the incidence of proven or probable invasive fungal infections (IFIs), a devastating complication of hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT), in HCST in a middle-income country. Secondary objectives were to describe factors associated with IFIs and outcomes. In this single center retrospective study, pediatric patients who underwent a first allogeneic or autologous HSCT from 1998 to 2016 were included. Of the 251 HSCT recipients: 143 transplants were allogeneic and 108 were autologous. Overall, 23 (9%) experienced an IFI, mostly due to yeasts (83%). IFIs were more common in allogeneic HSCT (18/143, 13%) than in autologous HSCT (5/108, 5%; P = .045). Of the 23 patients with IFIs, 14 (61%) died, but only 1 directly from IFI (pulmonary aspergillosis). Overall survival at 3 years was 0.42 ± 0.11 in patients with IFIs and 0.60 ± 0.37 in those without IFIs (P = .049). In Argentina, IFIs during HSCT are common. Recipients of allogeneic HSCT are at higher risk, and IFI is associated with reduced overall survival. Future work should focus on interventions to reduce and improve IFI outcomes in children undergoing transplants in low- and middle-income countries.
<p>Con el objetivo de analizar las representaciones sociales de la historia a través de los sentimientos que despiertan 24 personajes de la historia universal, se administró una versión modificada del cuestionario construido por Liu et al. (2005) a una muestra intencional (n=369) de Argentina (55.7% mujeres, medad=36.20, deedad=11.16). El análisis de conglomerados no jerárquico arrojó 4 grupos en función de la religiosidad, el nacionalismo y el posicionamiento ideológico de los participantes. Por su parte, del análisis de clúster jerárquico, en función de los sentimientos hacia los personajes, se desprendieron 2 conglomerados denominados héroes y villanos. Los personajes religiosos y políticos son los que mayor disenso suscitan.</p>
RESUMENDesde la perspectiva de las Representaciones Sociales (RS), surge una línea de investigación que considera la Historia como objeto de representación. Estudios previos muestran la Segunda Guerra Mundial (SGM) como un elemento nuclear de la historia universal. El objetivo del presente trabajo es describir la estructura representacional de la SGM, sus efectos, el perfil psicosocial en valores, creencias en la dominancia y contradominancia social y la disposición a luchar por el país. Por otro lado, se propone verificar si existen asociaciones entre los efectos de la SGM y las creencias, que tiene un grupo de población general (n = 224; 59.8% mujeres, 40.2% hombres; Medad = 30.5, DE = 10.68, Mín = 18, Máx = 65). Los resultados muestran que la estructura de la RS de la SGM está organizada otorgándole centralidad a la muerte y a características de esta guerra en particular, como el nazismo, Hitler, los campos de concentración y exterminio, y las bombas atómicas. Los participantes consideran a la SGM como una catástrofe social, que además contribuyó a la formación de las Naciones Unidas y a la declaración de los derechos humanos. A su vez, priorizan valores de apertura al cambio y autotrascendencia, exhiben niveles altos de contradominancia social y una baja disposición a luchar por el país. Palabras Clave: representaciones sociales, segunda guerra mundial, valores, dominancia social. Social Representations of the World War Two: Values and Social dominance ABSTRACTFrom the perspective of the Social Representations (SR), appears an investigation line that takes history as a representational object. Previous studies show World War II (WWII) as a central element of universal history. The purpose of this study is to describe the representational structure of the WWII, its effects, the psychosocial profile in values, beliefs in social dominance and counter-dominance and willingness to fight for the country. On the other hand, it is proposed to verify if there are associations between the effects of WWII and beliefs, which have a group of general population (n = 224, 59.8% women, 40.2% men, Mage = 30.5, SD = 10.68, Min = 18, Max = 65). The results show that the structure of the SR of the WWII is organized giving centrality to death, and to characteristics of this particular war, such as Nazism, Hitler, concentration and extermination camps, and atomic bombs. Participants consider the WWII as a social catastrophe, which also contributed to the formation of the United Nations and the Declaration of Human Rights. In addition, they prioritize values of openness to change and self-trascendence, exhibit high levels of social counter-dominance and a low willingness to fight for the country.
The influence of the context on behavioral and emotional reactions to a war crime situation military cadets (N = 315) is analyzed. The study is based on Milgram’s experience and the tragedy of My Lai.It examines personal and peer obedience to an anti-normative order (asking participants whether they would obey an order to shoot unarmed civilians) in five vignettes or scenarios that reproduce Milgram’s conditions and MyLai scenario. This is an experimental between-within study of five scenarios by two conditions (Milgram, 1974). Personal and collective obedience of other military, emotional reactions and values of Schwartz (2012) were measured. Showing enhancement of self-bias it is reported that the pairs would be more likely to shoot than one would. Replicating Milgrams’s results, obedience is greater when the order is given directly by an authority, and lower when there is conflict between authorities and peers rebel. Confirming that identification with humanity and not just with the in-group may prompt respondents to reject an anti-normative order, values of transcendence of the self are associated with less obedience and congruent emotional reactions. Self-perceived transformational leadership was associated with positive emotions towards peer that disobey to fire. However a transformational style perceived in the superior was associated to positive emotions by respect to soldier who open fire, adding information on the potential dark side of this leadership style. The relevance of personal values, leadership style and affectivity in military context is discussed.
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