Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad www.ib.unam.mx/revista/ Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad 88 (2017) 150-160 Ecología, tecnología e innovación para la sustentabilidad: retos y perspectivas en México Ecology, technology and innovation towards sustainability: challenges and perspectives in Mexico
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El desarrollo de instrumentos de gestión de riesgos climáticos permite instrumentar acciones de adaptación ante el cambio climático, además de hacer ef iciente el uso de recursos f inancieros para mitigar los impactos. En México, el empleo de estos instrumentos no se ha documentado, por lo que en este trabajo se desarrolla un marco conceptual-teórico para la instrumentación de seguros ganaderos paramétricos satelitales, con la f inalidad de exponer sus ventajas y delimitar sus alcances. Para tal f in, se aplicaron los conceptos de unidad de riesgo, umbral de pago y elementos asociados al seguro, para establecer el riesgo climático que se asocia a las actividades agropecuarias, principalmente por sequías. Bajo el requerimiento crítico de una relación lineal entre el índice espectral y la biomasa vegetal, sin constante aditiva, se usó el índice espectral NDVIcp, optimizado por diversos efectos, lo que dio lugar al desarrollo de un esquema de seguro técnicamente sólido, sin el requisito de contar con información histórica de producción agropecuaria y que, además, refleja f ielmente la realidad en campo. Todo lo anterior, permitió sentar las bases para el diseño de un seguro ganadero paramétrico satelital de tipo catastróf ico sólido, transparente y conceptualmente accesible a los usuarios del mismo.
Wetting pattern geometry is useful in determining the spacing between emitters and the irrigation time in drip irrigation systems. This research aimed to generate an empirical model to estimate the width and depth of the wetting front in surface drip irrigation based on experimental tests in a cube-shaped container with transparent walls in soils with a sandy clay loam texture, with hydraulic conductivities from 2.316 to 3.945 cm h−1, and organic matter contents from 1.7 to 2.8%, and different irrigation conditions: discharge rates of 1.44, 2.90, 3.00, 3.75, and 4.00 L h−1, initial moisture levels between permanent wilting point and field capacity, and irrigation times from 0.58 to 9.50 h. The experimental conditions and the strategy for measuring the wetting front and soil moisture are detailed so the experiment is verifiable. The proposed model performed better than five other empirical models, with average values of 3 cm for the root mean square error and 0.88 for the Nash and Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient. The generated model is efficient and simple and can be a very useful tool for the design and operation of surface drip irrigation systems in soils with conditions similar to those of this study.
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