No abstract

The study aims to examine the relationship between the use of renewable energy, CO2, and GDP per capita. In this study that has been carried out on Turkey for the period 1990-2018, time series analysis is used. The long-term relationship between variables is revealed by the cointegration test. The periodic changes of the variables are examined by the variance decomposition and impulse-response function. Finally, with the causality test, the relationship between variables and the direction of this relationship are revealed. Findings show that there is a cointegrated relationship between the variables.. According to variance decomposition in the period of 10 lags, the renewable energy variance is 96% due to itself, 2.74% to CO2, and 0.50% to shocks in per capita GDP. As for impact-response functions, while the response of renewable energy to the GDP per capita variable is negative in the first two periods, it increase slightly in the following period, and after the sixth period, the effect of the shock diminished.

This study aims to determine the impact of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions, Gross Domestic Product (GDP), and green innovation on the renewable energy (RE) supply (RES) by taking panel heterogeneity and cross-section dependence into account. The dataset of this study covers a panel of BRICS countries (fragile five) and Turkey from 2000 to 2017. Based on the heterogeneity and cross-section dependency, the tests we have applied are the CIPS unit root test, Gengenbach, Urbain and Westerlund's (2016) panel cointegration, Mean Group estimator (MG) and fully modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS), and Panel Dumitrescu and Hurlin's (2012) causality techniques. We have found in this study that the variables are cointegrated in the long term. The results show that the CO 2 emission for the whole sample has a negative impact on RES. On a country basis, it shows that green innovation has a positive and robust relationship with RES in Brazil and Turkey. The impact of green innovation on RES does not have a statistically significant relationship in Russia, China, India, or South Africa. CO 2 emission indicates a negative impact on RES in whole countries. While economic growth reduces RES in India, Turkey and South Africa, this effect is the opposite in Brazil and China. This study provides practical policy implications for policymakers and researchers studying in this field.