BackgroundViral hepatitis is a serious health burden worldwide. To date, few reports have addressed the prevalence of hepatitis A, B, C, and E in China. Therefore, the general epidemiological parameters of viral hepatitis remain unknown.Principal FindingsIn this cross-sectional study, we performed a serological prevalence analysis of viral hepatitis A, B, C, and E in 8,762 randomly selected Chinese subjects, which represented six areas of China. The overall prevalence of anti-Hepatitis C virus antibody (anti-HCV) was 0.58%, which was much lower than was estimated by WHO. The prevalences of Hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg), anti-Hepatitis B virus surface protein antibody (HBsAb), and anti-Hepatitis B virus core protein antibody (HBcAb) were 5.84%, 41.31%, and 35.92%, respectively, whereas in the group of subjects less than 5 years old, these prevalences were 1.16%, 46.77%, and 8.69% respectively, which suggests that the Hepatitis B virus (HBV)-carrier population is decreasing, and the nationwide HBV vaccine program has contributed to the lowered HBV prevalence in the younger generation in China. Meanwhile, a large deficit remains in coverage provided by the national HBV immune program. In addition, our data suggested the possibility that HBsAb may not last long enough to protect people from HBV infection throughout life. The overall prevalence of anti-Hepatitis A virus antibody (anti-HAV) and anti-Hepatitis E virus antibody (anti-HEV) were as high as 72.87% and 17.66%, respectively. The indices increased with age, which suggests that a large proportion of Chinese adults are protected by latent infection. Furthermore, the pattern of HEV infection was significantly different among ethnic groups in China.ConclusionsOur study provided much important information concerning hepatitis A, B, C, and E prevalence in China and will contribute to worldwide oversight of viral hepatitis.

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A stable Pd@TP-POP catalyst with highly dispersed ultrafine Pd NPs confined in its organic pores was fabricated for catalytic reduction of 4-nitrophenol and transfer hydrogenation of aromatic aldehydes under very mild conditions.

Interface-active particle materials that are able to assemble at the oil/water interface so as to stabilize droplets, are gaining unprecedented interest due to the intriguing applications in catalysis and materials synthesis, etc. In contrast to these potential applications, this kind of materials are still limited and cannot meet some particular demands of practical utilizations such as rationally designed interfacial activity and high stability against concentrated salts. In this contribution, interface-active mesoporous silica nanospheres (MSS@CZ) are synthesized through simultaneous incorporation of extremely hydrophilic zwitterionic moiety and hydrophobic octyl moiety in the shell. The textural properties of these materials are characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), and nitrogen sorption. The successful decoration of these functionalities in the shell is confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectra (FT-IR), C nuclear cross-polar magnetic resonance (C CP/MAS NMR), and Si nuclear cross-polar magnetic resonance (Si CP/MAS NMR). The prepared mesoporous silicas exhibit tunable interfacial activity, so that oil-in-water (O/W) and water-in-oil (W/O) Pickering emulsions can be easily obtained by varying the molar fraction of these two functionalities. The MSS@CZ-stabilized Pickering emulsions exhibit high stability to coalescence even at 6.0 M NaCl and have relatively low surface coverage of droplets due to electrostatic repulsion, which is normally difficult to obtain for conventional particles. Interestingly, such interface-active mesoporous silicas can also carry polyoxometalate that is hosted in the nanopore to assemble at the oil/water interface and thus efficiently promotes biphasic epoxidation reactions without any external stirring, exemplifying an innovative application of theses developed mesoporous silicas.

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