For the complicated structure and spatial relationship of urban underground pipelines, it’s necessary to employ 3D visualization technology in pipeline management and maintenance. It’s not efficient to use 3D modelling software such as 3DS MAX in building a large range scene, and it’s difficult and cumbersome to develop the functionalities for 3D visualization of urban underground pipelines from scratch by using the programming APIs such as OpenGL and DirectX3D. In this paper, based on the 3D visualization controls and interfaces by SuperMap, an adaptive method is proposed for building 3D models of urban underground pipeline network. At first, the detailed models of the pipe points and pipe segments are designed by 3DS MAX and imported as map symbols into a SuperMap Symbol library. Then the whole pipeline network is loaded and transformed into a 3D scene by using SuperMap interfaces. Moreover, the 3D models of the ground objects such as buildings are cached in OSGB format, and rendered with underground pipelines to support interactive queries and some professional analysis.
For the complicated structure and spatial relationship of urban underground pipelines, it’s necessary to employ 3D visualization technology in pipeline management and maintenance. It’s not efficient to use 3D modelling software such as 3DS MAX in building a large range scene, and it’s difficult and cumbersome to develop the functionalities for 3D visualization of urban underground pipelines from scratch by using the programming APIs such as OpenGL and DirectX3D. In this paper, based on the 3D visualization controls and interfaces by SuperMap, an adaptive method is proposed for building 3D models of urban underground pipeline network. At first, the detailed models of the pipe points and pipe segments are designed by 3DS MAX and imported as map symbols into a SuperMap Symbol library. Then the whole pipeline network is loaded and transformed into a 3D scene by using SuperMap interfaces. Moreover, the 3D models of the ground objects such as buildings are cached in OSGB format, and rendered with underground pipelines to support interactive queries and some professional analysis.
Government inspections are a typical approach that the Chinese government adopts in executing its policy agenda and propagating its ideological ideals. However, top-down administrative imperatives as such tend to be consuming in resources and less effective in actual governance. They are not necessarily the most sustainable means to ensure efficient governance in the long term. Bottom-up self-governance in rural China, on the other hand, provides the essential mechanism for sustainable governance. In this paper we study one of these bottom-up self-governance approaches in China—rural elections. We propose that, via three distinctive mechanisms, rural elections in China serve as a stabilizer for the entire state and fill the loopholes that top-down government inspections potentially allow. Specifically, we argue that individuals with electoral experiences are less likely to engage in protests, or other forms of collective actions, than those without. This effect holds in that, first, elections improve public goods provision in rural China; second, voters’ personal experience in elections changes their perception of the Chinese regime from being authoritarian to being benevolent and caring; third, elections expose the Chinese regime to emerging social dissent in a timely fashion that allows for self-correction. This theoretical prescription receives strong empirical, statistical analysis using the latest Asian Barometer Survey (ABS 2014) dataset.
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