Shrimp shell waste is a potential source of the biopolymer chitin. Through fermentation, chitin can be converted into its derivative products. This study aimed to isolate and characterize the products of the biodegradation of chitin from shrimp shell waste through a solid-state fermentation process using actinomycetes. Actinomycete isolates were obtained from tunicate marine biota collected from the waters of Buleleng, Bali, using a dilution technique on 1% chitin colloid agar medium. The isolated actinomycetes were cultivated on a shrimp shell waste medium for 7 days, and then the products of the biodegradation of the oligomers were extracted using water. The extracts of the biodegradation products of the shrimp shells were isolated through several chromatographic steps and analyzed using LC–MS–MS, and the bioactivity of the biodegradation products against fungi was tested. The morphological observations and phylogenetic analysis showed that the isolate 18D36-A1 was a rare actinomycete with the proposed name Pseudonocardia antitumoralis 18D36-A1. The results of the analysis using TLC showed that the solid-state fermented water isolate 18D36-A1 produced several oligomeric components. These results indicate that the isolate 18D36-A1 was able to convert chitin into chitooligosaccharides. Further isolation of the extract produced the active fraction D36A1C38, which can inhibit the growth of fungi by 74% at a concentration of 1 mg/mL. This initial information is very important for further studies related to the development of a solid-state fermentation process for obtaining bioactive compounds from shrimp shell waste.
Secondary metabolites of actinomycetes are a potential source of bioactive compounds in the agricultural sector. This study aimed to determine the fungicidal properties of extracts of marine organism-derived actinomycetes. Actinomycetes were isolated from marine organisms using agar media with 1% colloidal chitin in artificial seawater. Then, the isolates were cultured on liquid media with 1% colloidal chitin in artificial seawater under static conditions for 14 days. The culture was extracted, the fungicide properties were evaluated using the microtiter 96-well plate method, and the influence of inhibition was visualized using apotome and SEM. Finally, the active extract was analyzed using LCMSMS. In the present study, 19 actinomycetes were isolated from marine organisms, and the isolates were examined with regard to their antifungal activities. Of these nineteen isolates, the isolate 19C38A1 was picked out from the rest. Hence, it showed significant control towards F. oxysporum. The prospective strain 19C38A1 was determined to be Kocuria palustris 19C38A1. The extract 19C38A1 was shown to cause damage to cell integrity, indicated by the shrinking form, and inhibited germination in the F. oxysporum; subsequently, the chemical characteristics of the compound produced by the potential isolate 19C38A1 indicated the presence of benzimidazole compounds in the active fraction of C38BK2FA. These results indicate that actinomycetes derived from marine organisms near the coast of Oluhuta, Tomini Bay, Gorontalo, related to strain 19C38A1, are not widely known as sources of valuable fungicides. This preliminary information is important, as it can be used as a basis for further development in the search for fungicides derived from marine actinomycetes.
This study aimed to obtain novel bioactive compounds derived from actinomycetes associated with marine biota from the coast of Indonesia. Actinomycetes have been identified as a potential source of bioactive compounds through enzymatic fermentation. In order to obtain bioactive compounds from the results of the biorefinery process, cultivation was performed by solid state fermentation (SSF) on shrimp shell waste medium. The inhibitory activity against pathogenic microorganisms was measured based on the optical density of samples from Gorontalo and Buleleng, Bali, Indonesia. Six isolates had a clear zone as an indicator of the chitinase activity of chitinase enzymes. The SSF extract, obtained after 14 days of incubation, was assayed for its antimicrobial activity by the 96-well plate microtiter method. Among the six isolates, isolate 19B19A1 had antibacterial and antifungal activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Malassezia globosa, respectively. DNA analysis indicated that the 19B19A1 isolate was Streptomyces tritolerans 19B19A1 and that its extract contained an alkaloid component that played a role in antimicrobial activity. These results indicate that shrimp shells can be used as a nutrient-rich alternative culture medium for actinomycetes. This study is expected to become a source of information related to biorefinery, especially in the exploration of bioactive compounds produced by actinomycetes.
Pembelajaran Tematik adalah pembelajaran terpadu yang menggunakan tema sebagai pemersatu materi yang terdapat di dalam beberapa mata pelajaran dan diberikan dalam satu kali tatap muka. Dalam hal ini, tema yang diambil yaitu rumah adat Indonesia. Model pembelajaran tematik akan lebih menarik siswa apabila dikombinasikan dengan perkembangan teknologi yaitu dengan media pembelajaran berbasis multimedia. Perpaduan antara pembelajaran tematik dan multimedia akan membuat siswa lebih memperhatikkan guru. Media pembelajaran berbasis multimedia dapat meningkatkan proses belajar menjadi lebih efektif dan interaktif. Ketika guru dan murid melakukan proses belajar mengajar dengan perantara multimedia, konsentrasi, fisik bahkan emosional akan ikut terlibat. Pada saat seperti ini, biasanya materi-materi yang terkandung dalam multimedia akan terserap dengan baik. Salah satu perangkat lunak yang dapat digunakan dalam pembuatan multimedia adalah Adobe Flash CS3 Profesional. Dengan perangkat lunak ini dapat memadukan antara teks, gambar, audio, video dan juga animasi yang dapat membantu siswa memahami materi tentang rumah adat Indaonesia. Kata kunci : Pembelajaran Tematik, Rumah Adat Indonesia, multimedia, Adobe Flash CS3 Profesional. Thematic learning is an integrated learning that uses a theme as a unifying material contained in several subjects and is given in one face-to-face. In this case, the theme taken is Indonesian traditional house. Thematic learning models will be more attractive to students when combined with technological developments, namely with multimedia-based learning media. The combination of thematic and multimedia learning will make students pay more attention to the teacher. Multimedia-based learning media can improve the learning process to be more effective and interactive. When teachers and students carry out the teaching and learning process with multimedia intermediaries, concentration, physical and even emotional will be involved. At times like this, usually the materials contained in multimedia will be well absorbed. One of the software that can be used in making multimedia is Adobe Flash CS3 Professional. With this software, you can combine text, images, audio, video and animation that can help students understand the material about Indonesian traditional houses. Keywords: Thematic Learning, Indonesian Traditional House, multimedia, Adobe Flash CS3 Professional.
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