Double-digest Restriction-site Associated DNA sequencing (ddRADseq) is widely used to generate genomic data for non-model organisms in evolutionary and ecological studies. Along with affordable paired-end sequencing, this method makes population genomic analysis more accessible. However, when designing a ddRADseq experiment multiple factors should be considered, which can be challenging for new users. The generated data often suffer from substantial read overlaps and adaptor contamination, severely reducing sequencing efficiency and at times affecting data quality. Here, we analyse diverse datasets from the literature and carry out controlled experiments to understand the effects of enzyme choice and size selection on sequencing efficiency. The empirical data reveal that size selection is imprecise and has limited efficacy. In certain scenarios, a substantial proportion of short fragments pass below the lower size-selection cutoff resulting in low sequencing efficiency. However, enzyme choice can considerably mitigate inadvertent inclusion of these shorter fragments. A simple model based on these experiments is implemented to predict the number of genomic fragments generated after digestion and size selection, number of SNPs genotyped, number of samples that can be multiplexed, and the expected sequencing efficiency. We developed ddgRADer, a user-friendly webtool, to aid in designing ddRADseq experiments while optimising sequencing efficiency. Given user-defined study goals, ddgRADer recommends enzyme pairs and allows users to compare and choose enzymes and size-selection criteria. ddgRADer improves the accessibility and ease of designing ddRADseq experiments and increases the probability of success of the first population genomic study conducted in labs with no prior experience in genomics.
The ongoing installation of distributed generation (DG) in low-(LV) and medium-voltage (MV) grids might be prospectively limited by restrictions of today's protection systems due to the DG's impact onto the system's fault behaviour. Investigations show that today's DG shares do not yet lead to protection malfunctions. A reasonable future increase of the share of DG and the increasing complexity of the grids will partially pose protection-challenges in the near future though. Therefore, detailed protection planning becomes increasingly important in the future, using enhanced calculation, modelling and evaluation approaches, as developed within the project Protection for Future Distribution Systems (ProFuDiS). While the future protection-challenges in German MV grids can widely be solved using altered parametrisation and application of the present digital protection devices, the usage of classical NH fuses for LV grid protection will be possible for most, but not all grids any more. While sufficient, but rather complex digital protection approaches are already available, the development of innovative, more cost-efficient solutions for LV protection should be carried on. Additionally more precise regulations for the fault behaviour of DG should be stated to allow effective protection planning and reliable and realistic fault simulation.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.