Presently, we are witnessing an intense debate about technological advancements in artificial intelligence(AI) research and its deployment in various societal domains and contexts. In this context, media andcommunications is one of the most prominent and contested fields. Bots, voice assistants, automated (fake)news generation, content moderation and filtering – all of these are examples of how AI and machinelearning are transforming the dynamics and order of digital communication.On 20 March 2018 the Alexander von Humboldt Institute for Internet and Society together with the non-governmental organisation Access Now hosted the one-day expert workshop “The turn to AI in governingcommunication online”. International experts from academia, politics, civil society and business gathered inBerlin to discuss the complex socio-technical questions and issues concerning subjects such as artificialintelligence technologies, machine learning systems, the extent of their deployment in content moderationand the range of approaches to understanding the status and future impact of AI systems for governingsocial communication on the internet.This workshop report summarises and documents the authors’ main takeaways from the discussions. Thediscussions, comments and questions raised and responses from experts also fed into the report. The reporthas been distributed among workshop participants. It is intended to contribute current perspectives to thediscourse on AI and the governance of communication.
No abstract
<p>GHG emissions from drained peatlands in Southeast Asia contribute about 68% of the total regional emissions. Monitoring of land use dynamics on peatlands is necessary to quantify resulting climate impact. Optical satellite-based spatial land cover (LC) analyses are challenging in tropical regions due to high cloud covers. To overcome the limitation, we used the annual medians of spectral bands of Landsat 7/8 and Sentinel-2 which included all available observations per pixel and year for assessing LC in the Peatland Hydrological Units (PHUs) in North Kalimantan, Indonesia, for 2013, 2016 and 2019. Peatlands cover 290,000 ha of the 350,000 ha PHU area. In 2019, half of them still appeared to be covered by primary peat swamp forest (PSF). Drainage-based land use in the PHUs had expanded from 2013 to 2019, from 14 percent to nearly 30 percent of the total peatland area, with oil palm plantations covering more than half of the area under land use. Despite remaining data scarcity in some parts of the study area, which led to misclassifications, f1 scores classification accuracies range between 0.76 and 0.83.</p><p>In combination with a derived peatland map, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from land use on peatlands were calculated for the study years and a set of future GHG emission scenarios developed based on IPCC emission factors.</p><p>Peatland conversion between 2013 and 2019 led to a doubling of GHG emissions from land use reaching 3.24 Mt CO<sub>2</sub>-eq yr<sup>-1</sup> in 2019. As only 8% of the peatland area in the North Kalimantan PHUs falls under the moratorium, whereas 69% is designated as plantation concessions, we expect PSF conversion to continue and the area of degraded peatland to increase. In the &#8220;business-as-usual&#8221; (BAU) scenario with conversion rates as between 2013 and 2019, GHG emissions would reach about 10 Mt CO<sub>2</sub>-eq per year by 2050. In the &#8220;stop new drainage&#8221; scenario, conversion would stop in 2020 and GHG emissions would remain at 3.24 Mt CO<sub>2</sub>-eq yr<sup>-1</sup>. The cumulative avoidance potential until 2050 of the latter scenario is 48 %, compared to the BAU scenario. Complete rewetting of all drained peatlands by 2025 and halting any new drainage would until 2050 avoid 190.5 Mt CO<sub>2</sub>-eq, i.e. 89%, compared to the BAU scenario. These avoidances will, however, only be achieved when the average annual water table depth after rewetting reaches or exceeds the peat surface. Otherwise, Indonesia&#8217;s NDC assumption of a zero peat decomposition in restored peatlands will not be achieved.</p><p>To reduce expansion of drainage-based land use and associated GHG emissions, all peatland outside existing concessions in North Kalimantan would need to be covered by the Indonesian Moratorium. In parallel, existing concessions for drainage-based land use should be cancelled or replaced by concessions for wet peatland use, such as paludiculture.</p>
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.